There is, however, an important application of the left margin selection when text with indentation is being entered. If the left margin is not at the beginning of the indented text, a text overflow will occur to the column marked to by the left red bar on the command line. Alt L sets the left margin (and the bar indicator on the command line) at the current column position. This assures that a text overflow will take place into the correct column. Alt I moves the cursor to the left margin column. The Home key will still move it into column 1 of the current line. The right margin is by default in column 64 for new files. It can be reset to the current cursor position by pressing Alt W. Also, option "b" of the Alt A command selects the line length value (maximum column number). Each entered line can be centered between the current margins by the Alt T command. WORDFLEX, unlike many other word processing programs, allows you to enter almost all 256 extended ASCII characters available on the IBM PC into the text buffer and to store them permanently in a file. This includes almost all Ctrl charact- ers, with a few exceptions that will be described below. All characters entered are displayed as shown in IBM PC documenta- tion, e.g. in Appendix G of the BASIC Manual. All ASCII characters accepted by WORDFLEX can be entered by pressing the Alt shift key followed by three digits representing values between 1 to 255 using the numerical keypad. This is the only situation when WORDFLEX interprets the right keypad keys as numerical entries.  -11- WORDFLEX Version 2.60 User's Manual Two ASCII characters, carriage return (ASCII 13) and linefeed (ASCII 10) have a special role in text handling. As mentioned above, WORDFLEX generates standard format text files which use both these characters to indicate an end of line. These characters are not actually present in the text buffer; they are appended when a disk storage takes place. WORDFLEX uses the carriage return in the text entry mode to indicate an end of line. Consequently, the carriage return character cannot be entered into the text buffer. The ASCII character 10 (linefeed), however, can be entered into the text buffer as Ctrl J, Ctrl Enter of Alt followed by 10 entered on the numerical keypad. The backspace character (ASCII 8) which is entered by the large left arrow key just above the return (enter) key of the IBM PC keyboard, is used by WORDFLEX as a destructive backspace. Pressing this key while entering the text returns the cursor one space and the character in that column is erased (replaced with blank). This is different from a non-destructive backspace resulting from pressing the smaller left arrow key of the screen control key cluster. The non-destructive backspace moves the cursor one column left without affecting the character in that column. The backspace character can be entered into the text only when option "k" of the Alt A command is selected as TRUE. Its role as a destructive backspace is then disabled. Another character which cannot be stored in a file is the TAB character entered by the key just below the Esc key on the IBM PC keyboard. Since there is no consistency in interpretation of the TAB (ASCII 9) character by various printers, WORDFLEX expands this character into a number of spaces corresponding to the default or selected tab setting. The selection is made by the Alt A command. The default value of the TAB setting is 8 spaces, the same as used by the IBM Edlin program which, incidentally, actually enters the TAB character into the file it creates. WORDFLEX Version 2.60 allows only evenly spaced tab stops. With the tab length default value of 8, the tab stops are in column 9, 17, 25 and so on. Another character that cannot be entered into the text buffer and stored in a file is the Ctrl Z (ASCII 26) character. The IBM DOS interprets this character as an End of File mark. It is stored automatically in the file after the last line of the text.  -12- WORDFLEX Version 2.60 User's Manual The last character that cannot be entered into the buffer is the (extended) ASCII character 255 which is displayed by the IBM PC as a blank. This character is used internally by WORDFLEX. The null character (ASCII 0) is entered into the buffer as Ctrl 2. It is displayed as a blank. Summary of characters that cannot be entered into the text buffer: ASCII Code (extended) Character 9 TAB (Ctrl I) 13 carriage return (Ctrl M) 26 Ctrl Z 255 Alt 255 Commands and options pertinent to text entry: Alt L - sets left margin Alt T - centers current line Alt W - sets right margin Alt A options: "b": max line length "c": tab length "i": automatic right justification of the text "k": entering of backspace character into the buffer  -13- WORDFLEX Version 2.60 User's Manual VI REPLACING AND DELETING CHARACTERS The replacement and deletion of individual characters occurs at the cursor location. The replace mode is the default mode of WORDFLEX: new characters can simply be typed over the old ones on the display. The command line indicates that the screen has been modified, and if the character is not a space or a tab, it is displayed in cyan (high intensity). Similarly, the deletion of an individual character at the cursor (above the cursor, actually) is done by pressing the Del key from the right hand keypad. Its function as a decimal point is disabled in WORDFLEX; as mentioned above, the Num Lock special key has no effect on the functions of the right hand keypad. When a character is deleted, the rest of the line on the right is moved left and displayed in yellow (underlined in monochrome). The Del key will not delete an entire line. However, it can delete all displayed characters from the line making it an empty line. As it will be explained later, an entire line is deleted from the buffer by the Alt D command. Both the replacement and deletion of individual characters are fully reversible since they take place in the display only. In order to make them permanent, the F6 key has to be pressed. F6 will transfer all changes into the buffer and the display will turn green (normal intensity) again. There are situations, however, when upon inspection of the changes just made we may decide to return to the previous text. As long as changes were not made permanent by pressing F6, the previous screen can be restored by pressing F9. Again, the display turns green (normal intensity) and the message that screen has been modified disappears from the command line. Summary of commands pertinent to the replacement and deletion of characters: Key Function Del deletes the character at the cursor F6 makes the replacement or deletion permanent F9 restores the previous screen display  -14- WORDFLEX Version 2.60 User's Manual VII TEXT INSERTION Text insertion is a more complex operation than character replacement or deletion. WORDFLEX has to be switched into the insert mode by pressing the Ins key (its function as zero is disabled). The Ins key acts as a toggle: another depression will return WORDFLEX into its default cursor/replace mode. The command line will indicate that the insert mode is in effect and text can be inserted at the cursor location. Insertion of characters cannot be separated from line handling since the addition of characters to a given line may lead to an overflow of the text into following lines. WORDFLEX generates an automatic overflow of text during insertion. There are two alternatives available for handling the following lines. Depending on the selection of one of the options, automatic rearrangement of the rest of the paragraph following the insertion does or does not take place. The default mode is to rearrange the paragraph; there are many situations, however, where this option is not desirable. It is entirely useless for preparation of programs using indentation; the structure of the program depicted by this indentation will be completely lost by the automatic readjustment of lines to the maximum length. The automatic rearrangement is also not desirable when tables are being prepared. Since the option can be turned on or off easily using the Alt A command (option "g"), it should not present any problem to make the proper choice suitable to a given application. The insert operation involves potentially the entire screen and it is entirely reversible. As with replacement or deletion, F6 will make insertions permanent in the text buffer, and F9 will return the screen to its previous state. WORDFLEX disables many commands and functions during text insertion. Proper selections of the available options must be made before insertion mode is entered. The enter key has a special function in the insert mode. When the cursor is placed within a line of text, pressing the enter key generates a new line into which the rest of the line starting at the current cursor position is transferred. If the cursor is located in column 1, a new line is created preceding the line with the previous cursor location. This feature makes insertion before the topmost line of a screen possible. If the cursor is located right of the end of the line text, pressing the enter key will create a new line following the current line.  -15- WORDFLEX Version 2.60 User's Manual The overflow feature makes the effortless insertion of long text possible. The text on the line overflows into the next line, and when the cursor reaches the last column corresponding to the specified line length, it moves to the next line. Word wrap always takes place just as in the case of text entry. Summary: Ins key - toggles on and off the insert mode. Text is inserted with automatic overflow. The following text in a paragraph is either automatically rearranged or left unchanged, depending on the setting of the paragraph reformat option. Alt L - sets left margin at the current cursor position. Text overflows into the next line at this column. Pertinent options of the Alt A command: "g": reformat paragraph is TRUE (default setting) for automatic rearrangement of the text following insertion. "i": automatic right justification is FALSE (default setting). Lines are not padded with blanks for achieving same line length.  -16- WORDFLEX Version 2.60 User's Manual VIII STRING SEARCH AND REPLACE Both the search (Alt F) and replace (Alt R) commands perform a fast search for a specified string in the selected file buffer. The replace command will then optionally perform a replacement of the search string with a new string. Alt F invokes the search function only. A question is displayed on the command line to be answered whether the buffer should be searched from its beginning (the entire buffer search) or just from the current location of the cursor to the end of the buffer. WORDFLEX uses a standard type of question that expects an affirmative answer (y or Y) or a negative answer (n or N). You will notice that all other characters are ignored. The command will not be executed till one of these responses is entered. Both the search and replace commands then request the search string. The search string can be up to 70 characters long. A longer string will be truncated upon entry to 70 characters. All characters that can be part of the text buffer can become part of the search (replace) string. This includes control and extended ASCII characters displayed using the IBM PC representation. If option "k" (backspace allowed in text) is TRUE, ASCII 8 - backspace can also become part of the search and replace strings. It is not possible, however, to modify strings by backspacing with this option enabled. If the string is found, the line with the string is displayed on top of the screen of the text that follows. The search can then continue for the next occurrence of the string or it can be cancelled. If the string is not found, a corresponding message appears on the command line. Nothing happens to the display or to the location of the cursor. Option "d" of the Alt A command selects replacement with confirmation (option TRUE, the default) or without (FALSE). An automatic creation of a new line takes place if the new string is too long to fit on the same line as the string it replaces. Automatic paragraph reformatting after string replace takes place if the option "g" of the Alt A command is TRUE. Care should be taken to set this option correctly since undesirable reformatting of tables may take place after a single string replace operation.  -17- WORDFLEX Version 2.60 User's Manual Summary: Alt F - searches buffer for a specified string and displays the line that contains it and a screen of text that follows Alt R - searches buffer for a specified string, replaces it with or without confirmation, displays the result Alt A command option setting: "d": replace prompt is either TRUE or FALSE for replacement with confirmation/rejection or no confirmation, respectively.  -18- WORDFLEX Version 2.60 User's Manual IX LINES AND BLOCKS OF TEXT WORDFLEX allows the user to mark two or more lines of text as a block and to handle them as units. Only one block can be marked at a time even if all five file buffers are active. The reason for this is that block transfers between separate buffers are possible; it is the only situation when there is any interaction between otherwise totally separate file buffers. The following special function keys are used for block marking and inspection: F5 - moves cursor to a mark F7 - marks or unmarks a line; if a line is marked, F7 will unmark it and vice versa F8 - erases both marks Only two marks are available in WORDFLEX. They are distinct: mark 1 has to precede mark 2 in the buffer and both marks have to be in the same buffer. WORDFLEX enforces these rules; there is no way to mark a block of text improperly. Marked lines are displayed in reversed video. The F5 command moves the cursor to the specified marker. Block transfers (copy or move) can be performed within one file buffer or between two file buffers. A warning is issued in the latter case. In both cases, the moved text is inserted after the current line which is the line with the cursor. If the current line is the last line of a file buffer, the block of text is appended to the file buffer. The following Alt commands are used for block manipulation: Alt C - copies block from its original site-the marked block remains unchanged Alt E - erases block irretrievably Alt M - moves block from its original site-the marked block is removed from its original site  -19- WORDFLEX Version 2.60 User's Manual WORDFLEX does not allow transfer of a block to a location within the block itself or moving a block to a location immediately following the second mark. Warning is issued if such an attempt is made and the command is ignored. Block copy or move commands are useful for a quick rearrangement of text within a file or for the pasting together of blocks of text from various files. They can also be used for merging of files; the merge operation (concatenation of files), however, can be also performed by the DOS "copy" command As it will be shown in Section X, marked blocks are also useful for the printing of a portion of a file buffer. WORDFLEX has only one command that operates on a single line: the line delete command. As stated before, the Del key will not remove a line from the buffer, it can only empty it. Alt D - deletes (irretrievably) the current line In this version, WORDFLEX does not reclaim memory space occupied by lines that were deleted by the Alt D, Alt E or an additional command which will be described later, the Alt K command. The status display (Alt S command) keeps track of the number of lines deleted as well as of the memory available to the text buffer. If large deletions take place, it may become necessary to save the buffer(s) on diskette files and to reinitialize WORDFLEX using the Alt Z command. The move block command (Alt M) does not generate any wasted memory space since, in a sense, the text is actually moved to its new location. Alt M is thus more economical than the copy block command (Alt C). The latter command generates an actual replica of the text being copied. This may be necessary in some circumstances but it is usually not needed when the block commands are used for the pasting of text from individual files (file buffers).  -20- WORDFLEX Version 2.60 User's Manual X PRINTED OUTPUT WORDFLEX printing routines are a part of the memory resident software. The advantage of this implementation is that files do not have to be stored before printing; in fact, only the contents of a selected buffer can be printed. As mentioned earlier, stored files can be also printed in their entirety upon exiting from WORDFLEX and using the DOS "type" command. The printing routines allow the user to accomplish more than just obtaining a printout of a file. The following options are available: right justification for lines stored without it printing of marked blocks of text underline and/or boldface (double stroke) serial or parallel printer left margin size single or double space continuous or single page printing multiple copy printing WORDFLEX Version 2.60 User's Manual 1t PšØ§ˆFþöFþt>¡ú‹ú+F V ¹|A‹F‹V+úú‰Nü¹|A"Nü¡Xú:FºwB"ʈNþ‹Fþ‹å]ÂèØÿvÿv‹F