
		Readings In Object-Oriented Technology
			 by Edward V. Berard
		  Berard Software Engineering, Inc.


If you are interested in reading about any rapidly evolving
technology, it is best to keep the following in mind:

%       Read more than one source. Look for sources which have
	different, and possibly conflicting, views of the material.
	It is often difficult to determine fundamental facts when
	only one viewpoint is present.

%       Very often, authors confuse concepts with implementations. Ask
        yourself if the author is discussing a concept, or a
        particular implementation of the concept.

%       Always be on the lookout for new sources. In the software
        technology arena in particular, significant changes can take
        place in less than a month.

%       Take care to distinguish between differing viewpoints and
        conflicting viewpoints.

There are many topic areas in object-oriented software technology, and
literally thousands of books, articles, tutorials, and proceedings
devoted, in whole, or in part, to object-oriented software concepts.
What we will present here is some of the representative reading
material. Just because an item is included in this reading list does
not mean that it is recommended without qualifications, nor does it
mean that it is an authoritative source on a topic. However, the
material listed here is intended to help you understand more about the
technology.

                     Object-Oriented Programming

Object-oriented programming books most often tend to focus on
programming language aspects of object-oriented technology. However,
many fundamental concepts can be found in the books mentioned below:

[Cox, 1986]. B.J. Cox, Object Oriented Programming: An Evolutionary
Approach, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986.

[Goldberg and Robson, 1983]. A. Goldberg and D. Robson, Smalltalk-80:
The Language and Its Implementation, Addison-Wesley, Reading,
Massachusetts, 1983.

[Meyer, 1988]. B. Meyer, Object-Oriented Software Construction,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1988.

[Keene, 1989]. S.E.Keene, Object-Oriented Programming in Common Lisp,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1989.

[Stroustrup, 1986a]. B. Stroustrup, The C++ Programming Language,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986.

                Object-Oriented Requirements Analysis

There are a number of publicly available courses on object-oriented
requirements analysis. Since the technology is still new, these
courses present many differing viewpoints and approaches.  There is,
however, one book on the topic:

[Shlaer and Mellor, 1988]. S. Shlaer and S.J. Mellor, Object-Oriented
Systems Analysis: Modeling the World In Data, Yourdon Press:
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1988.

                  Object-Oriented Design/Development

Most of the work which has been done in the area of object-oriented
life-cycle issues, outside of object-oriented programming, has been
accomplished within the Ada community. Some representative sources on
OOD are:

[Abbott, 1983]. R.J. Abbott, "Program Design by Informal English
Descriptions," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 26, No. 11, November
1983, pp. 882 - 894.

[Booch, 1982a]. G. Booch, "Object Oriented Design," Ada Letters, Vol.
I, No. 3, March- April 1982, pp. 64 - 76.

[Booch, 1986a]. G. Booch, "Object Oriented Development," IEEE
Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. SE-12, No. 2, February
1986, pp. 211 - 221.

[Goldsack, 1985]. S.J. Goldsack, Ada for Specification : Possibilities
and Limitations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom, 1985.

[Heitz, 1988]. M. Heitz, "HOOD: A Hierarchical Object-Oriented Design
Method,"  Proceedings of the Third German Ada Users Congress, January
1988, Gesellschaft fur Software Engineering, Munich, West Germany, pp.
12-1 - 12-9.

[Masiero and Germano, 1988]. P. Masiero and F.S.R. Germano, "JSD As An
Object-Oriented Design Method," Software Engineering Notes, Vol. 13,
No. 3, July 1988, pp. 22 - 23.

[Seidewitz and Stark, 1986b]. E. Seidewitz and M. Stark, General
Object-Oriented Software Development, Document No. SEL-86-002, NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 1986.

[Stark and Seidewitz, 1987]. M. Stark and E.V. Seidewitz, "Towards a
General Object-Oriented Ada Life-Cycle," Proceedings of the Joint Ada
Conference, Fifth National Conference on Ada Technology and Washington
Ada Symposium, U.S. Army Communications-Electronics Command, Fort
Monmouth, New Jersey, pp. 213 - 222.

                      Object-Oriented Databases

Object-oriented databases are not the same thing as relational
databases. In effect, object-oriented database technology today is at
the same point relational database technology was in the late 1970s.
(I know more than a few vendors who would disagree with this point.)
Some representative information on the subject can be found in:

[Babcock, 1987]. C. Babcock, "Object is DBMS Focus," ComputerWorld,
Vol. XXI, No. 40, October 5, 1987, page 25.

[Blaha et al, 1988]. M.R. Blaha, W.J. Premerlani, and J.E. Rumbaugh,
"Relational Database Design Using an Object-Oriented Approach,"
Communications of the ACM, Vol. 31, No. 4, April 1988, pp. 414 - 427.

[Bochenski, 1988]. B.A. Bochenski, "On Object-Oriented Programming,
Databases," Software, Vol. 8, No. 11, September 1988, page 42.

[Dittrich and Dayal, 1986]. K. Dittrich and U. Dayal, Editors,
Proceedings of the 1986 International Workshop on Object-Oriented
Database Systems, IEEE Catalog Number 86TH0161-0, IEEE Computer
Society Press, Washington, D.C., 1986.

[Scannell, 1988]. T. Scannell, "Freeform DBMS the 'Object' of Startup
Company's Affection," Mini-Micro Systems, Vol. XXI, No. 2, February
1988, pp. 16 - 22.

[Shriver and Wegner, 1987]. B. Shriver and P. Wegner, Editors,
Research Directions in Object-Oriented Programming, The MIT Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987.

[Weiss, 1987]. R. Weiss, "Why Object-Oriented Databases?," Electronic
Engineering Times, No. 465, December 21, 1987, page 23.

[Wile and Allard, 1987]. D.S. Wile and D.G. Allard, "Worlds: an
Organizing Structure for Object-Bases," SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 22, No.
1, January 1987, pp. 16 - 26.

                  Object-Oriented Computer Hardware

Even computer hardware can be constructed in an object-oriented
manner. Here are two references:

[Myers, 1982]. G.J. Myers, Advances in Computer Architecture, Second
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, 1982.

[Organick, 1983]. E. Organick, A Programmer's View of the Intel 432
System, McGraw-Hill, New York, New York,1983.

		       Object-Oriented Metrics

As organizations begin shifting to object-oriented approaches, they
find that some of the ways in which they used to measure things are
less appropriate. People have already begun asking about
object-oriented metrics. Although most work in this area is relatively
new, there are a growing number of references, including:

[Duhl and Damon, 1988]. J. Duhl and C. Damon, "A Performance
Comparison of Object and Relational Databases Using the Sun
Benchmark," OOPSLA '88 Conference Proceedings, Special Issue of
SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 23, No. 11, November 1988, pp.  153 - 163.

[Hufnagel and Brown, 1989]. S.P. Hufnagel and J.C. Brown, "Performance
Properties of Vertically Partitioned Object-Oriented Systems," IEEE
Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 8, August 1989, pp.
935 - 946.

[Liberherr and Holland, 1989]. K.J. Liberherr and I.M. Holland,
"Assuring Good Style for Object-Oriented Programs," IEEE Software,
Vol. 6, No. 5, September 1989, pp. 38 - 48.

[Liberherr and Riel, 1988]. K.J. Liberherr and A.J. Riel, "Demeter: a
CASE Study of Software Growth Through Parameterized Classes, "Journal
of Object-Oriented Programming, Vol. 1, No. 3, August/September 1988,
pp. 8 - 22.

            General Object-Oriented Technology References

There are a number of general references on object-oriented
technology, including:

[ACM, 1986a]. Association for Computing Machinery, Special Issue of
SIGPLAN Notices on th Object-Oriented Programming Workshop, Vol. 21,
No. 10, October 1986.

[ACM, 1986b]. Association for Computing Machinery, OOPSLA '86
Conference Proceedings, Special Issue of SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 21, No.
11, November 1986.

[ACM, 1987]. Association for Computing Machinery, OOPSLA '87
Conference Proceedings, Special Issue of SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 22, No.
12, December 1987.

[ACM, 1988a]. Association for Computing Machinery, OOPSLA '87 Addendum
to the Proceedings, Special Issue of SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 23, No. 5,
May 1988.

[ACM, 1988b]. Association for Computing Machinery, OOPSLA '88
Conference Proceedings, Special Issue of SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 23, No.
11, November 1988.

[Bezivin et al, 1987]. J. Bezivin, J.-M. Hullot, P. Cointe, and H.
Lieberman, ECOOP '87: Proceedings of the European Conference on
Object-Oriented Programming, Lecture Notes on Computer Science, Volume
276, Springer Verlag, New York, New York, 1987.

[Cook, 1989]. S. Cook, ECOOP '89: Proceedings of the European
Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, British Computer Society
Workshop Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom, 1989.

[Gill, 1988]. P. Gill, "MIS Slowly Warms Up to Object-Oriented
Programming," ComputerWorld, Vol. XXII, No. 8, February 22, 1988, pp
71 - 76.

[Gjessing and Nygaard, 1988]. S. Gjessing and K. Nygaard, ECOOP '88:
Proceedings of the European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming,
Lecture Note on Computer Science, Volume 322, Springer Verlag, New
York, New York, 1988.

[Millikin, 1989]. M.D. Millikin, "Object Orientation: What It Can Do
For You," ComputerWorld, Vol. 23, No. 11. March 13, 1989, pp. 103 -
113.

[Peterson, 1987a]. G.E. Peterson, Tutorial: Object-Oriented Computing,
Volume 1: Concepts, IEEE Catalog Number EH0257-6, IEEE Computer
Society Press, Washington, D.C., 1987.

[Peterson, 1987b]. G.E. Peterson, Tutorial: Object-Oriented Computing,
Volume 2: Implementations, IEEE Catalog Number EH0257-6, IEEE Computer
Society Press, Washington, D.C., 1987.

[Shriver and Wegner, 1987]. B. Shriver and P. Wegner, Editors,
Research Directions in Object-Oriented Programming, The MIT Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987.

There are many articles which might be considered "landmarks." Look
for early (early 1950s) articles discussing artificial intelligence,
early works by Alan Kay (either in the late 1960s, discussing his FLEX
machine, or in the very early 1970s, discussing Smalltalk), early
reports on SIMULA (from the late 1960s, by K. Nygaard and Ole-Johan
Dahl), and, more recently, the OOPSLA and ECOOP proceedings.

				-- Ed Berard
				   Berard Software Engineering, Inc.
				   18620 Mateney Road
				   Germantown, Maryland 20874
				   Phone: (301) 353-9652
				   E-Mail: eberard@ajpo.sei.cmu.edu
