Copyright (c) 1996 Trionum Inc. All rights reserved. TRIONUM, PEP and ORCHIS are trademarks of Trionum Inc. All other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.

The name PEP is an acronym for "Picture Editing Package". PEP is a drawing program for personal computers. You can use it to create pictures composed of text and graphics, display these pictures on your computer's monitor, print them on your printer, and save them in files compatible with other software packages. All of the illustrations in this manual, for example, were drawn using PEP.

In order to install and use PEP, you will need to be familiar with the basic commands of the DOS operating system. If you have any questions about using DOS, consult your operating system manual.

In order to run PEP you need an IBM PC, XT, AT, PS-2 or compatible computer running DOS 2.0 or a later version of DOS. You also need a graphics display, either the color graphics adapter (CGA), the extended graphics adapter (EGA), the video graphics array card (VGA), or the HERCULES card. You do not need a floating point processor, a hard disk, or a mouse. If you have a mouse, you will be able to use it with PEP. In order to print directly from PEP, you need one of the following printers: an HP DeskJet, an HP LaserJet, a Canon Bubble Jet, a Postscript printer such as the Apple LaserWriter, an Epson printer, an IBM graphics printer, an IBM Color Printer, or a printer compatible with one of these. In addition, you can output pictures from PEP to both PCX files (a popular bitmap format) <[13.1]> and EPS files (the encapsulated Postscript format) <[16.10]>. Many word processors and desktop publishing packages accept graphics in these formats. Pictures that you draw in PEP can be included, in this way, into documents created by any of these compatible packages. If you are using Lotus Manuscript or Samna Word, these two word processors will accept graphics directly from PEP in the original PDL file format.

Before you can use PEP, you must install it on your computer. This means that you must first tell PEP about the hardware configuration that you have: the type of display, the type of printer, and so forth. The utility INSTALL.EXE supplied with PEP will guide you through this simple installation process. Full instructions for installing PEP are provided in Chapter <[17]>.

After this introductory chapter, is the main part of the PEP manual, namely the command descriptions in Chapters <[2]> through <[14]>. In those chapters, you will find a complete explanation of each of the commands available in PEP. In this present chapter, we provide the definitions and background information necessary to understand the chapters that follow. We strongly recommend that you read this chapter carefully before trying to use PEP. Then if you need information about a particular command, you will be ready to turn directly to the relevant section in the reference chapters. Chapter <[15]> describes the HELP system, which allows you to view this manual, while you are using PEP. After you have gained a little experience using PEP, you should look at Chapter <[16]>, the final chapter in the reference section. That chapter contains a number of hints and practical suggestions for approaching various problems. You may find this material helpful when you begin to apply PEP to real uses.

PEP commands are organized into a menu hierarchy. The menu that is displayed when you first load PEP is called the top menu. Certain commands in this menu cause new menus to be displayed. In some cases, these new menus also have commands leading to yet other menus, and so forth. Most of the time, however, you will be operating either in the top menu or in the menus one level down from the top. In each command menu, the first letters of the commands are all different. To execute a command just type its first letter. Alternatively, you can highlight a menu item by pointing to it with the cursor. Then, if you press RETURN (or the left mouse button), the highlighted command will be executed. For example, in PEP's top menu, if you type "I" (for "Insert"), a new menu will appear as shown in <[FIG07]>. This new menu contains all of the commands for inserting the different kinds of elements. (It contains a number of other commands as well.) If you now type "L" (for "Line") you will be ready to insert one or more straight lines. Throughout this manual we will name a command by listing the steps to that command from the top menu. This command for inserting straight lines, for example, is called the INSERT/LINE command <[2.1]>. In addition to the commands in the menus, there are a number of commands that you can execute at any time regardless of your position in the menu hierarchy. These commands are executed either by striking a single key, or by holding down the ALT key and striking a key. In either case, they are called single keystroke commands. More specifically, these commands are invoked by pressing a function key, a combination of ALT plus a function key, or a combination of ALT plus a letter key. Many of these commands can also be executed within the command menu hierarchy. For example, the single keystroke command ALT-R turns on and off the display of rulers. This command performs the same function as the SETUP/WINDOW/RULERS command <[12.2.10]> in the menu hierarchy. You should become familiar with three function key commands that are useful for obtaining information about PEP and your current state within it. These are described briefly below. For complete information about these and the other single keystroke commands, see Chapter <[14]>. Pressing the help key (F1) activates the HELP system, which gives you on-line access to the complete PEP manual. The HELP system is described in Chapter <[15]>. Pressing the status key (F2) temporarily replaces the command menu with current status information. Pressing the menu cycle key (F3) temporarily replaces the command menu with quick reference lists of the single keystroke commands: first, a list of the function key commands, second, a list of the ALT-function key commands, and finally a list of the ALT-letter commands. Pressing F3 a fourth time restores the normal menu display.

The PEP screen is divided into a number of windows: a menu window, a text window, a button window, and one or more graphics windows. The menu window is used by PEP to display its commands and status information. The text window is used for prompts and error messages. The button window permits fast access to certain PEP functions via the mouse. The graphics windows are used for displaying and modifying your drawings. This subdivision of the screen is based on a system of non-overlapping areas called tiles. You can configure your screen by subdividing tiles, deleting tiles, moving tile boundaries, and assigning roles to tiles. These commands can be found in the SETUP/TILING menu <[12.1]>. In particular, it is possible to display multiple views of the open object in multiple screen tiles, each view at a different magnification. For example, one tile might be used for an overview, and another for editing in detail. One of the graphics tiles is displayed with a bolder boundary to distinguish it from the others. If you have a color display, the boundary of this tile will also be a different color, namely cyan, a light blue. This tile is called the active window. Any graphics tile can be the active window. You can determine which graphics tile is the active window by using the SETUP/WINDOW/NEXT (or ALT-N) command <[12.2.1]>. Once you have selected the active window, you can then modify its properties by using the commands in the SETUP/WINDOW menu <[12.2]>. There are also a number of single keystroke commands for the same purpose. For example, you can contract the display with the ALT-C command and expand it with ALT-E. You can shift the display by using shift and the keys of the numerical keypad (the NumPad keys) as shown in <[FIG17]>. Being able to control the active window display is crucial to using PEP effectively. We strongly recommend that new users, at a minimum, become familiar with the eight single keystroke commands listed below. They are described more fully in Chapter <[14]>, and additional information can be found in the discussion of the SETUP/WINDOW commands in Chapter <[12]>. ALT-C Contract the active window display ALT-E Expand the active window display ALT-R Display rulers in the active window ALT-G Display the snap grid ALT-T Display the entire object or page ALT-U Put window upper left corner at the cursor ALT-V Display a simplified view of the object ALT-W Re-initialize active window properties The installation utility creates a default screen configuration for you, which you can then change if you like. <[FIG05]> shows the most commonly used configuration. However, if you are using a CGA display or are not using a mouse, your default configuration will be somewhat different.

A scroll bar is a tool for using the mouse to move the view in a given window. In PEP, scroll bars may appear in a menu window, in a graphics window, or in a help document window. In this section, we will assume that you have a mouse. (If you do not have a mouse, there are commands for adjusting window views from the keyboard. See Chapter <[14]> for the single keystroke commands relevant to graphic windows and menu windows. See Chapter <[15]> for the commands relevant to help document windows.) Assuming then that you have a mouse, scroll bars will be automatically created in menu windows and help document windows, but only when they are needed. For example, the FILE/LOAD command <[8.2]> displays a menu of all available picture files. If there is not enough room in the menu window to display all of the file names, a horizontal scroll bar is created at the bottom of the window. You can use this bar, as described below, to control which part of the file name list is to be displayed. In a graphic window, two scroll bars are required, a horizontal bar to control left/right motion and a vertical bar to control up/down motion. You can enable or disable the display of scroll bars in a graphic window by using the SETUP/WINDOW/BARS command <[12.2.11]> (or the [B]-button or ALT-B). A scroll bar contains three buttons, an arrow button at either end and an unmarked button that can moved freely along the bar between these. This latter button is called the slider. The position of the slider shows the current location of the window view in its range of possible positions. The size of the slider shows what fraction of the range is currently visible. For example, when you contract a graphic window (so that twice as much is displayed in it), the sliders expand to twice their former size. To adjust the window view by a small amount, click on the appropriate arrow button. One click will move a menu window or a help document window up or down by a single line of text. A graphic window will be moved by a small fraction of the total range of motion. If you hold down an arrow button (that is, you click on it and do not release the mouse button), the window motion will be automatically repeated. To adjust the window view by a larger amount, click on the scroll bar outside the slider (above or below the slider on a vertical bar, to the left or right on a horizontal bar). One click will move the window view by one half of the size of the window. If you click on the slider, the mouse becomes locked to the slider. By moving the mouse, you now move the slider. When you click a second time, the slider and the window view become fixed in their new positions. Note that when the slider is moved, the window is immediately redisplayed. This is called hot scrolling. By clicking once on the slider and moving the mouse, you can browse over the entire range of motion before clicking again to fix a new position. In a graphic window, with horizontal and vertical bars, you can switch from one bar to another while browsing in this fashion by pressing the SPACE bar or middle mouse button. In this way, you can quickly scan the entire picture to locate a new window position. Hot scrolling can be disabled by using the SETUP/SYSTEM/HOT-SCROLL command <[12.3.6]>.

PEP's default cursor is a small solid box. Several other forms of cursor are also used: crosshairs, lines, and boxes of different types. The shape of the cursor depends on the operation you are performing. There are several ways to move the cursor in PEP. These are described below.

If you have a mouse, you can move the cursor by simply moving the mouse.

Eight NumPad keys can be used to move the cursor. The arrow keys move the cursor in the direction of the arrow. The corner keys (Home, PgUp, PgDn, and End) move the cursor diagonally (up-left, up-right, down-right, and down-left, respectively). See <[FIG08]>. These eight keys are called the cursor motion keys. How far the cursor moves with each keystroke is determined by the SETUP/SYSTEM/STEP command <[12.3.1]> (or the Grey-minus key). This command cycles through three modes: a single pixel mode and two multiple pixel modes: full-step and half-step. In single pixel mode, each keystroke moves the cursor one pixel on the screen. In the multiple modes, each stroke moves the cursor one multiple-pixel step. The default step size is 10 pixels (5 pixels for a half step). You can change the size of the cursor step with the SETUP/NUMBERS/STEP-SIZE command <[12.4.1]>.

If you need to move the cursor over a large distance, using the cursor motion keys can be tedious. If you do not have a mouse, you may want to use the automatic cursor motion capability. You can start the cursor moving, accelerate it, change its direction, and stop the motion when the cursor arrives at its destination. To start the cursor moving, press the Grey-plus key, and then press one of the cursor motion keys. The cursor will begin to move at a constant speed in the direction indicated by the motion key. To make the cursor move faster, press the same key again. To change direction, press a different cursor motion key. To stop the cursor, press the Grey-plus key a second time.

PEP provides a snap grid capability to assist you in aligning picture elements with one another. You can control the horizontal and vertical spacing of the grid points by using the SETUP/NUMBERS/GRID-SPACE command <[12.4.2]>. You can make the grid visible in the active window by using the SETUP/WINDOW/GRID command <[12.2.9]> (or ALT-G). At any time, you can press the function key F8 to move the cursor from its current position to the nearest grid point. This is called manual snapping. By using the SETUP/SYSTEM/GRID command <[12.3.2]> (or ALT-S), you can turn on automatic snapping. When snapping is on, if you insert, move, or duplicate an element using the cursor, the element will be positioned on the grid, not at the cursor position, but at the grid point nearest to it. The snapping options are available whether or not the grid is visible.

In PEP, the cursors appear in a variety of forms: cross-hairs, horizontal and vertical hairlines, and rigid and stretchable boxes. In the case of stretchable boxes, which are used, for example, during editing to stretch a picture element, one corner of the box is mobilized at any given time. This corner can be moved by any of the methods just described. The mobile corner is distinguished by a small solid box marker. To change the mobile corner, press SPACE or the Grey-star key. The next corner counterclockwise is mobilized. <[FIG13]>.

PEP stores pictures in files called picture files. These files have the extension PDL, which stands for "Picture Description Language". To display, print, or modify the pictures in a picture file, you must first load that file into your computer's memory by using the FILE/LOAD command <[8.2]>. That file then becomes the loaded picture file. A PDL file might contain only one picture, but often it will contain more than one. Each file is actually a library of pictures, and each picture has its own name. A picture in a PDL file is called an object. To display, print, or modify an object, you must first select it using the OBJECT/OPEN command <[7.1]>. This displays the object on your screen, ready to be edited. We will refer to it as the open object. If you modify the open object, and want to save the changes to disk, this also is a two step process. First you close the open object using the OBJECT/CLOSE command <[7.2]>; then you save the file containing that object to disk using the FILE/SAVE command <[8.3]>. The basic units that make up objects are called elements. The elements of an object can be lines, arcs, text, filled regions, groups of elements, and other objects. Each object in a file is assigned an object name. The objects in a file may be independent of one another, or they may be interrelated, some objects being used as elements inside of others. In this case, we may refer to these elements as sub-objects of the objects in which they appear. These sub-objects may contain yet other objects. Objects may be nested to any depth. In summary, a typical editing session consists of loading a picture file from disk, opening an object for editing, modifying the open object (via insert, delete, and modify commands), printing the result, closing the open object, and saving the file back to disk.

Objects drawn in PEP are defined in a coordinate system that is independent of any output device. When the picture is printed or displayed, its size is determined by a pair of stretch factors. There is a horizontal stretch and a vertical stretch. If the stretches are both 1 when the object is drawn, each point in the object is represented by exactly one pixel on the printer or the display. If the stretches are increased, the size of the object's image is made larger; if they are decreased, the image is made smaller. If you are printing, the object may also be rotated or drawn in mirror image. When we speak of object coordinates, we mean the device independent coordinates in which the object is defined. A pair (X,Y) of object coordinates defines the position of a single point in the object before stretches and rotations have applied. This happens in the following way. The X coordinate determines the horizontal position of the point. X equals 0 for points on the left edge of the object and X increases for points farther to the right. The Y coordinate determines the vertical position of a point. Y equals 0 for points at the top edge of the object, and Y increases for points farther down. The coordinates (0,0) represent the upper left corner. <[FIG12]>. You can, if you wish, always leave the printer stretches at their default values of 1. (This is what we recommend for most purposes anyway.) In this case, just think of the object coordinates as representing the locations of the individual pixels on the printed page.

The menus in PEP have a dual role. Primarily, they are lists of commands, but many menus also display status information. These two functions interact to produce commands of different types. These are described below. In some cases a single command plus associated status display requires more than one line in the menu. In these cases, the extra lines are indented to distinguish them from command names. <[FIG03]> shows a typical PEP menu. This one is the MODIFY/LINE-STYLE menu <[4.18]>. There are four commands (NIBTYPE, PENSIZE, DASHES, and QUIT), and six status data items. In this example, the status information contained in the menu reports the following facts: the current line is drawn with a pen whose shape is an ellipse, the pen size is 4 pixels wide and 2 pixels deep, the line is dashed, and the dashing pattern is 1 dot on for every 8 dots off. The PEP commands are explained one by one in the chapters that follow. To better understand the meaning of any particular command and its status items, consult the section devoted to that command in the appropriate chapter.

A second kind of menu is used when you are selecting from a list of names. For example, when loading a picture file, you are presented with a menu of all files in the current directory with the appropriate extension. In such a case, the first letters of the menu entries are usually not all different, so a slightly different method is used when choosing a item from a name menu. The items listed in a name menu are displayed alphabetically. The menu appears with an initial item highlighted. As you begin to type a name, at each keystroke the highlight moves to the first entry compatible with the keys typed so far. At any point, you can select the highlighted entry by pressing RETURN. The highlight can also be moved with the Up-Arrow, Down-Arrow, Home, and End keys. If the list of names is too large to fit in the menu window at one time, you can use Left-Arrow and Right-Arrow, or PgUp and PgDn to move the highlight into successive menu pages. Also, you can highlight an item by simply pointing to it with the cursor.

There are three ways to move up the menu hierarchy. Most menus include an explicit QUIT command; when you type Q (for QUIT), you are taken back to the previous menu, the next higher menu in the hierarchy. The second method is to use the super-escape key (Function key F10). Pressing this key takes you in a single step to the top level menu no matter where you are in the command structure. Finally, you can use the Escape key (ESC). Pressing this key takes you back one step in the command execution. Often, ESC is equivalent to QUIT, taking you back to the prior menu. Sometimes, however, it takes you back to an earlier stage in the same menu. For example, when you insert a line, you first choose a start point and then choose an end point. If you are at the second stage (choosing the end point), pressing ESC takes you back to the first stage (choosing the start point). In any case, if you continue to press ESC, you eventually return to the prior menu and ultimately to the top level menu. If you have a mouse, pressing the right mouse button is equivalent to using the ESC key.

Some menu commands select a value from a small list of options. These multiple choice commands also display the currently selected value in the menu. The data is displayed either on the same line as the command name or on the following line in the menu. When you press the command letter, the next option in sequence is selected and displayed. Press the command letter repeatedly to cycle through the complete set of options until the desired choice appears in the menu. <[FIG24]> shows the SETUP/SYSTEM menu <[12.3]> and illustrates the operation of the SETUP/SYSTEM/GRID command <[12.3.2]>. This command enables and disables automatic grid snapping, a feature that assists in the positioning of newly inserted elements. If grid snapping is OFF, then pressing G (for GRID) in the SETUP/SYSTEM menu turns snapping ON. If snapping is ON, pressing G turns it OFF. The menu shows the current state. This is a typical example of a multiple choice command.

Some menu commands require you to type in a name as an argument. For example, FILE/SAVE <[8.3]> requires a file name. These are called string input commands. For these commands, when you press the command letter, a highlight appears in the menu. The highlighted area may have a default string already displayed in it; to choose this default simply press RETURN. Alternatively, you can type in a new name into the highlighted area. End the string by pressing RETURN. While typing into the echo area, you can correct mistakes by using the backspace key (delete last character) and ESC (delete entire string). Press ESC a second time to abort the command.

XY input commands are similar to string input commands. These commands require two numerical arguments. For example, PRINT/MARGINS <[6.10]> needs two arguments for the left (X) and top (Y) margins respectively. For such a command the following two lines of the menu display the current status of these arguments. When you press the command letter, these two lines change: they now begin with X= and Y= respectively. This is to indicate that X and Y have become valid command letters. To change the X value, press X to highlight the X line. Type the desired value exactly as described under string input commands. Similarly, press Y to start input for the Y argument. <[FIG04]> shows the MODIFY/LINE-STYLE menu <[4.18]> as it looks after you have pressed P (for PENSIZE) to enable input of the width (X) and depth (Y) of the current pen. A few XY input commands ask for stretch factors. For example, SETUP/WINDOW/STRETCHES <[12.2.13]> lets you set the magnification of the active graphics window display. The smallest possible stretch is 1/256; the largest is 255. You can type in an integer (e.g. 2), a fraction (e.g. 3/4), or a decimal (e.g. 2.75). The remaining XY input commands (the majority) ask for integer values. The legal range for arguments varies from command to command. You can type an integer directly, or you can enter a value in physical units: inches, centimeters, or points (a point is 1/72 of an inch). To enter a value in inches, add the letter "i" to the end of the input string. To enter a value in centimeters, add "c". To enter a value in points, add "p". As before, you can type an integer, a fraction or a decimal. For example, the following are legal input strings for numbers: 33 (thirty three abstract pixels or object coordinates), 3/4i (three fourths of an inch), 2.5c (two and one half centimeters). If you ask for inches, centimeters, or points your input is converted into object coordinates by applying the current dots-per-inch value in the X or Y direction as appropriate. This value defaults to your current printer density, but it can be changed by using the SETUP/NUMBERS/INCH command <[12.4.5]>. In a similar way, you can specify a multiple of the current cursor step size or the current snap grid interval by adding the letter "s" or "g" to an integer, fraction or decimal number. You can view and change the current value of the step size and grid interval by using the SETUP/NUMBERS/STEP-SIZE <[12.4.1]> and SETUP/NUMBERS/GRID-SPACE commands <[12.4.2]>. If you type in a number in any of these ways, the new value that you enter replaces the old X or Y value as formerly displayed in the menu. However, if the string that you enter begins with a plus sign or a minus sign, then the new value is added to, or subtracted from the former value. This is relative XY input. As an illustration, if you want to move an element to the right by one half of an inch, use the MODIFY/MOVE command <[4.1]>, press X to enable X coordinate input, and enter the string "+1/2i". The number of pixels in one half of an inch will then be added to the current X position of the element, moving it to the right as required. A few XY input commands allow you to enter four numbers rather than just two. For example, the PRINT/WINDOW command <[6.12]> lets you print a rectangular piece of the open object instead of printing the entire object. To specify the window, you need to enter four coordinates, the left, top, right, and bottom of the window. For these XY input commands, typing the command letter once enables XY input in the first of two XY coordinate pairs; typing the command letter a second time enables input into the second pair.

PEP has been designed so that you can use a mouse if you have one, but a mouse is by no means necessary. Every PEP function can be accessed directly from the keyboard. Cursor motion, in particular, can be controlled from the keyboard in a number of ways which have been described above. If you do have a mouse, pressing a mouse button is equivalent to pressing one key on the keyboard. Pressing the left mouse button is equivalent to pressing RETURN (carriage return). Pressing the right mouse button is equivalent to pressing ESC (the escape key). Pressing the middle mouse button (if your mouse has a middle button) is equivalent to pressing SPACE (the space bar). In the discussion below, we use the key names RETURN, ESC, and SPACE without explicitly mentioning the mouse. In each case you can use the equivalent mouse button instead. <[FIG06]>. Use the INSERT menu to add new elements to a picture. The initial properties of these elements (for example, the thickness of a line or the font of a text label) are determined by the current graphic-defaults and text-defaults. These default values are set in the G-DEFAULTS and T-DEFAULTS menus (see Chapters <[10]> and <[11]>). If the default properties are not the ones you want, you can use the MODIFY command in the INSERT menu to change the properties of the element just inserted. The line insertion commands (LINE, VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL, ARC, and RIGHTANGLE) all operate in the same way. When you press the command letter, a cross-hair cursor is displayed. To identify the start point, position this cursor and press RETURN. A smaller cross-hair appears marking the position you have chosen. To identify the end point and insert the line, reposition the larger cross-hair cursor and press RETURN again. The end point of this line becomes the default start point for the next line to be inserted: if you choose a third point by positioning the cursor and pressing RETURN again, you will have inserted two connected lines. To insert two disconnected lines, press ESC after inserting the first. Then define a new start point by moving the cursor and pressing RETURN. Then proceed as above to choose an end point. To insert a different kind of line, simply press the new command letter (e.g. R for Right-angle) and proceed as described above. Immediately after inserting an arc or right-angle, you can press SPACE to flip the element just inserted. <[FIG09]>.

Use the INSERT/LINE command to draw straight lines using the procedure described above.

Use the INSERT/ARC command to draw elliptical quadrants from the start point to the end point. After you insert an arc, press SPACE to toggle between the two possible curves (viz. clockwise or counterclockwise from the start to the end). In PEP an arc is initially drawn tangent to the box spanning the start point and end point. After you have inserted the arc, you can change the slopes at its end points by using the MODIFY/ANGLES command <[4.21]>.

Use the INSERT/VERTICAL command to draw a vertical line. The line is drawn from the start point to the Y coordinate of the end point. When you have drawn one, the command switches to HORIZONTAL line insertion. To insert another vertical line, press ESC. Then choose start and end points as before.

Use the INSERT/HORIZONTAL command to draw a horizontal line. The line is drawn from the start point to the X coordinate of the end point. When you have drawn one, the command switches to VERTICAL line insertion. To insert another horizontal line, press ESC. Then choose start and end points as before.

Use the INSERT/RIGHTANGLE command to draw a right-angle between two given points. As for ARC, you can press SPACE to flip the line just inserted.

The INSERT/CLOSE command closes a polyline. A polyline is a sequence of one or more connected lines (straight, horizontal, vertical, arc, or right-angle). When the polyline is closed, a new line is inserted. The new line is drawn from the end point of the last line inserted to the start point of the first line in the polyline. Unless you request a change, the new line is the same type of line as the last line inserted. For example, if you have inserted one right-angle, the CLOSE command closes that right-angle with another, forming a box; however, if you first type L (for LINE), the CLOSE command closes with a straight line, forming a triangle. <[FIG16]>. This command is especially useful if you are creating the boundary of a filled region, which must be accurately closed. Unless you use the INSERT/CLOSE command, you must manually return the boundary to the exact pixel from which it started.

Use the INSERT/TEXT command to insert a text label (using the current font, typesize, rotation, and justification defaults specified in the T-DEFAULTS menu <[11]>). Press the command letter, position the cross-hair cursor, and press RETURN. This places the text cursor (a solid box) in the chosen position. Then, as you type, the text is entered into the label being created. Close the label either by pressing RETURN (in which case a new label is started immediately below the current one) or ESC. While you are entering text in the label, it is displayed with left justification. After the label is closed, the current default justification is used. When you are inserting or editing a text label, a number of single keystroke commands become available, and the command menu is replaced by a list of these. The new commands are: Ctrl-F: move forward 1 character Ctrl-B: move back 1 character Ctrl-A: move to start of label Ctrl-E: move to end of label Ctrl-rightarrow: move forward 1 word Ctrl-leftarrow: move back 1 word Ctrl-K: delete to end of label Ctrl-D or Del: delete 1 character Backspace: delete character before text cursor Ins: toggle between insert and overstrike You can also change the font style and/or color by inserting escape characters during text entry using the ALT-F7, ALT-F8, and ALT-F9 keys followed by the appropriate hexidecimal digit. (For more information about these escape characters, see sections <[14.2.3]>, <[14.2.4]>, and <[14.2.5]>.) In this way, a single text label can include multiple colors and multiple styles from a given typeface: normal, bold, italic, and so forth. The styles available depend on the font being used.

The INSERT/OBJECT command allows you to insert a previously defined object into the open object. Press the command letter to display a menu of available object names. Highlight the name of the object you want to insert, and press RETURN to select that object. If you select the name "/IMPORT/", PEP will switch to the OBJECT/IMPORT menu. You can then choose any object from any other file in either the current directory or the PEP home directory. (See <[1.9.1]> for a discussion of how to select an entry from a name menu. See <[7.8]> for a description of the OBJECT/IMPORT commands.) There are two ways to insert the object you have selected. 1. Position the cross-hair cursor and press RETURN. The object will be inserted with its upper left corner placed at the cross-hair cursor position. 2. Press SPACE to change the cross-hair cursor into a box cursor of the size of the selected object. Position this cursor and press RETURN to insert the object. In either case, to insert another copy of the same object, reposition the cursor and press RETURN again.

The INSERT/GROUP command makes it possible to collect subsequently inserted elements into a group and to create filled regions. To make a group or region, type the command letter to turn grouping ON, then insert the elements that you want to group, and finally use the END-GROUP command to actually make the group. If you want to make a filled region, the lines you insert must form a closed boundary (see the INSERT/CLOSE command described above <[2.6]>). Note: you can form groups and regions from previously inserted elements by using the COLLECT command. (See Chapter <[5]>.)

The INSERT/END-GROUP command terminates the grouping of inserted elements and forms a group. It is valid only if grouping has been turned ON by a prior INSERT/GROUP command. To create a filled region, you first make a group of the lines which will form the edge of the region. The lines you insert should form a closed boundary. Then use the MODIFY/FILL command <[4.8]> to change the group into a filled region. The MODIFY/EXPLODE <[4.23]> command can be used to separate the group back into its components.

The INSERT/MODIFY command selects the most recently inserted element and displays a MODIFY menu tailored to that type of element. You can now change any of the properties of this element. (See Chapter <[4]> for a description of each of the commands available in the different MODIFY menus.) Use the DELETE command to delete elements from a picture. First, press the command letter, then select the element to delete as follows. Position the cross-hair cursor near the element you want to delete and press RETURN. PEP finds the nearest picture element and displays a box around it. (The element is also displayed in the preview window.) You can accept this choice or reject it. Press RETURN to accept, or SPACE to reject. If you accept the choice, the boxed element is deleted and the cross-hair reappears. You are now ready to delete another element. However, if you press SPACE to reject the boxed element, the next closest element is selected. Once again, you can press either RETURN to delete the boxed element or SPACE to select another. By repeatedly pressing SPACE, you can step through every element in the picture, if necessary, to select the one you wish to delete. The example <[FIG26]> shows a picture containing two elements: a circle object and a straight line. At the first stage, the delete command has been executed and the cross-hair cursor has been positioned. Then if you press RETURN, a box is displayed abound the nearest element (the circle). Pressing RETURN again deletes the circle and re-displays the cross-hair. However, pressing SPACE instead encloses the next element (the line) in a box. Now pressing RETURN deletes the line. There is also a DELETE command in the COLLECT menu, which may be more convenient if you are deleting multiple elements. For example, if you want to delete all text labels, the easiest way is first to collect them all and then use the COLLECT/DELETE command <[5.9]>. For more information on this technique, see Chapter <[5]>.

The UN-DELETE command re-inserts the most recently deleted element, at its former location. If you press the command letter a second time, the next most recently deleted element will be restored. If you continue to execute the command, more items will be re-inserted. The order in which they are restored is the opposite of the order in which they were deleted. Un-deleting is possible because a record is kept of every deletion. This record is called the un-delete queue. The number of elements remembered is limited only by the available memory. However, the FILE/LOAD <[8.2]>, FILE/NEW <[8.1]>, and OBJECT/ELIMINATE <[7.6]> commands clear the queue of deleted elements. Use the MODIFY command to change the properties of any element in the open object. First press the command letter, and then select an element to modify as follows. Position the cross-hair cursor near the element you want to modify and press RETURN. PEP finds the picture element nearest to the cursor and displays a box around that element. (The selected element is also displayed in the preview window if you have one.) You can accept this choice or reject it. Press RETURN to accept, or SPACE to reject. If you accept the choice, a new menu appears. The commands in this menu depend on the kind of element you have chosen. You can use this menu to change the properties of the selected element. If, however, you press SPACE to reject the boxed element, the next closest element is selected, and a box is displayed around it. Once again, you can press either RETURN to accept the boxed element or SPACE to select another. By repeatedly pressing SPACE, you can step through every element in the picture, if necessary, to select the one you wish to modify. This method of selection is exactly the same as the one used by the DELETE command <[3]>. While you are modifying an element a record is kept of the modifications performed so that these changes can be reversed by the UN-DO command. This record is similar to the un-delete queue and is called the un-do queue. See the description of the UN-DO command below <[4.24]>. While the selected element is being modified, it is temporarily moved to the front of the open object display. Unless the ORDER command is used (see <[4.19]> below), the element is returned to its original position in the drawing sequence when it is no longer being modified. After you select an element, a menu of modify commands appears. The four types of element (line, label, object, and group) each bring up a different menu, consisting of a subset of the commands listed below. In addition to the MODIFY command, there are two other ways to access these modify menus. The INSERT/MODIFY command <[2.11]> allows you to modify the most recently inserted element, and the COLLECT/GROUP <[5.8]> and COLLECT/OBJECT <[5.7]> commands bring up a modify menu whenever they create a group or object.

The MODIFY/MOVE command is available for all elements. Use this command to change the location of the selected element. Press the command letter to display a box cursor around the selected element. Position the box at the desired new location, and press RETURN to move the element. The box cursor is locked inside the window that contains it. If you wish to move an element from one window to another, you can replace the box cursor with a crosshair by pressing SPACE. The cross hair can be moved into any window. Pressing SPACE again converts back to a box cursor. You can also move the selected element by typing in new X and Y coordinates. For objects and groups, these coordinates locate the upper left corner of the element. For text strings, these coordinates locate the starting point of the label. The starting point of a label is the corner of the label box nearest to the top of the first character in the label. See <[FIG23]>. For lines, two pairs of XY coordinates can be entered. When you press the command letter, XY input is enabled for the first pair of coordinates. This pair identifies the position of the start point of the line. If you press the command letter a second time, XY input is enabled for the second pair of coordinates. This pair identifies the position of the end point of the line.

The MODIFY/DUPLICATE command is available for all elements. The DUPLICATE command makes a duplicate copy of the selected element. Press the command letter and a box cursor appears. Position this cursor at the target location, and press RETURN. A new copy of the selected element is created and inserted at the selected location. The menu window still displays a modify menu appropriate to this type of element, but you are now modifying the copy, not the original element. If you press SPACE, another copy is inserted at the same distance from the former copy as that copy was from the original. By using this feature, you can easily create multiple evenly spaced copies of any kind of element. To insert another copy at a different location, just re-position the cursor and press RETURN a second time. The DUPLICATE command empties the un-do queue. After you have made the duplicate element, previous changes to the original element can no longer be un-done.

The MODIFY/ALIGN command is available for groups. You can align multiple elements by collecting them into a group and applying the ALIGN command. Elements can be aligned at their left edge, right edge, horizontal midpoint (called the CENTER in the ALIGN menu), top edge, bottom edge, or vertical midpoint (called the MIDDLE in the ALIGN menu). Press the command letter to display a menu of these six choices and select one to align the individual elements of the selected group. For example, if you choose LEFT alignment, the elements of the group are moved so that the left edge of each element lies on the left edge of the entire group. If you choose MIDDLE alignment, the elements are moved so that the vertical midpoint of each lies on the vertical midpoint of the group. <[FIG27]> shows the effect of each of these two operations.

The MODIFY/EDIT command is available for Labels. Use this command to add, delete, or replace the text in a selected label. While the label is open for editing, the text is displayed left justified. When the label is closed, the correct justification is restored. While you are editing a text label, a number of single keystroke commands become available, and the command menu is replaced by a list of these. See the description of the INSERT/TEXT command <[2.7]> for an explanation of these new keystrokes.

The MODIFY/STRETCH command is available for Lines, Objects and Groups. Use this command to change the size of the selected element. Press the command letter to display a stretchable box cursor around the selected element. Use the arrow keys or the mouse to re-position the moveable corner of the cursor. Press SPACE or Grey-star to select a different moveable corner. Press RETURN to stretch the selected element to the size of the box cursor. For groups and objects, you can also type in explicit X and Y stretch factors. The size of the selected object is changed. Its new size is determined by the new stretch factors multiplied by the initial size of the group or the native size of the object.

The MODIFY/ROTATION command is available for Labels, Groups and Objects. Use this command to rotate the selected element. Press the command letter to display a menu of the eight available choices: four rotations (0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees clockwise) and four mirror images (\, -, /, and |). <[FIG10]> shows the effect of each of these operations.

The MODIFY/TYPE command is available for Objects. Use this command to replace the selected object with an object of a different type. The new object is inserted in the same position, and with the same stretch and rotation as the one it replaces. Type the command letter to display a name menu of all of the objects in the loaded picture file. Choose an object name from this menu, and the selected object is replaced by an object of the chosen type. If you select the name "/IMPORT/", PEP will switch to the OBJECT/IMPORT menu. You can then choose any object from any other file in either the current directory or the PEP home directory. (See <[7.8]> for a description of the OBJECT/IMPORT commands.)

The MODIFY/FILL command is available for Groups. It is used to create filled regions. To make a filled region, first draw the boundary of the region, turning the boundary into a group by using the INSERT/GROUP <[2.9]> or COLLECT/GROUP <[5.8]> command. Then use MODIFY/FILL to turn the group into a filled region. In order for filling to operate properly, the boundary of the region must consist of one or more closed polylines. See the discussion in Chapter <[2]>, especially concerning the INSERT/CLOSE command <[2.6]>. The FILL command is a multiple choice command with two values: NO and YES. If FILL is NO, the selected group is a plain group; it is not a filled region; it is simply a collection of the elements that have been grouped together to create it. If FILL is YES, the selected group is a filled group; the elements collected in the group are interpreted as the boundary of a region that is to be given a solid or pattern fill. See <[FIG20]>. Note: if a group contains text labels, when it is converted into a filled region, the labels do not affect the area being filled. They are displayed, however, when the boundary is drawn and their color will be the border color for the region (see MODIFY/BORDER <[4.10]> below).

This MODIFY/PATTERN command is available for Groups. It controls the pattern used to fill a filled region. Press the command letter to bring up a menu of available fill patterns. Choose one to change the fill pattern of the selected group. The set of available patterns is determined by the currently installed pattern file. This can be changed by using the SETUP/INSTALL/PATTERNS command. (See <[12.5.2]>). You can also change the pattern of several filled groups at one time by collecting them into a group and applying the PATTERN command to that group. Note: unless the selected group is itself a filled region or is a collection containing filled regions, the PATTERN command will have no visible effect on the group. The pattern data is not used except during the filling operation.

The MODIFY/BORDER command is available for Groups. It controls the color in which the border of a filled region is drawn. (The COLOR command <[4.17]> controls the color of the fill). Press the command letter to display a menu with 17 choices, the 16 colors and NONE. If you choose a color, the border of the filled region will be drawn in that color. If you choose NONE, the filled region will be drawn without a border. You can also change the border color of several filled groups at one time by collecting them into a group and applying the BORDER command to that group. Note: unless the selected group is itself a filled region or is a collection containing filled regions, the BORDER command will have no visible effect on the group.

The MODIFY/TEXT command is available for Groups. The modify commands that apply to text labels can also be applied to groups. These commands are: FONT, JUSTIFY, TYPESIZE, BOX, and WIDTH. For text labels, they appear in the MODIFY menu, but for groups, they appear in a submenu. Use the TEXT command to display this menu. Each of these commands is described separately below. When they are applied to a group, they affect all of the text labels within that group. (If the group contains no text, these commands will have no effect). For example, you can change the font of multiple text labels at one time by collecting them into a group and applying the MODIFY/TEXT/FONT command.

The MODIFY/FONT command is available for Labels and Groups. For groups, it appears in the MODIFY/TEXT submenu. The FONT command changes the font of the selected label. For groups, it changes all of the text labels in the group to a single font. The command cycles through the font files installed in the SETUP/INSTALL menu <[12.5]>.

The MODIFY/JUSTIFY command is available for Labels and Groups. For groups, it appears in the MODIFY/TEXT submenu. The JUSTIFY command cycles through the four options for justifying text labels: LEFT, RIGHT, CENTERED, and EVEN. If the selected element is a text label, the command changes the justification of that label. If a group is selected, the command changes the justification of all labels in the group. The effect of the four kinds of justification is shown in <[FIG18]>.

The MODIFY/TYPESIZE command is available for Labels and Groups. For groups, it appears in the MODIFY/TEXT submenu. With the TYPESIZE command, you can change the size of the characters in the selected text label. The width and height can be controlled independently. The point size of the label is given by the Y value, which determines the height of the characters. The X value determines the character widths. We recommend that the typesize X be equal to the typesize Y, if the font is BEAMOF or MEDFORD MODERN. For the other fonts, we recommend that the typesize X be approximately three fourths of the typesize Y. You can, however, set the X and Y typesize values in any ratio that you like. When you increase the X value, you make the label more expanded. When you decrease the X value, you make it more condensed. <[FIG22]>.

The MODIFY/BOX command is available for Labels and Groups. For groups, it appears in the MODIFY/TEXT submenu. Every text label has a starting point (which can be modified by the MOVE command above) and an ending point. The text characters are positioned between these two according to the label's justification. The ending point is determined implicitly by the starting point plus a box width value associated with the label. The BOX command is a multiple choice command which determines how a box width is assigned to a text label. There are two modes: AUTO and FIXED. If the mode is AUTO, the box width of the label is determined by the contents of the label; it changes whenever the text is edited. If the mode is FIXED, you can set the box width to whatever value you want by using the MODIFY/WIDTH command described below.

The MODIFY/WIDTH command is available for Labels and Groups. For groups, it appears in the MODIFY/TEXT submenu. Use this command to set the box width of a text label. However, note that setting the width value does not affect the label unless its box mode is FIXED. If the mode is AUTO, the width value is ignored. The box mode is controlled by the MODIFY/BOX command described above. To set the box width, first type the command letter. Then type in the label width, or use the cursor to determine the width as follows: position the cross-hair cursor and press RETURN. A small cursor marks the point that you have selected. The cross-hair cursor is also changed into a vertical line cursor. Position the new cursor and press RETURN again. The label width is set to the horizontal distance between the two points which you have chosen. Alternatively, when the vertical cursor appears, you can press SPACE to convert the vertical line to a horizontal line. Then when you press RETURN the second time, the label width is set to the vertical distance between the two chosen points. Note: there is no separate command to control the box height of a text label. The box height is always equal to the typesize Y value.

The MODIFY/COLOR command is available for all elements. Use this command to change the color of the selected element. Picture elements can be in any one of 16 different colors. These colors are numbered 0 through 9 and A through F. Type the command letter, and then type the letter or number of the color you want. The display of most monochrome monitors for the PC and compatibles is white, green, or amber foreground on a black background. On EGA and VGA monitors, PEP may use either black or white as the background color. (The choice is an installation option). Most printers, however, print black on a white background. Therefore, the names BLACK and WHITE are not used in the color menus, and the substitutes FOREGROUND and BACKGROUND are used instead. On a dark background display, FOREGROUND color displays as white (or green or amber) and prints as black on paper. BACKGROUND color displays as black on screen, and prints as white on paper. The table below lists the standard names for each of the 16 colors. However, the actual color produced depends on the properties of your output device. If you have a monochrome display, all colors appear the same except color F (BACKGROUND). 0 FOREGROUND 8 ORANGE 1 RED 9 LIME 2 BLUE A GRAY 3 YELLOW B PINK 4 GREEN C PURPLE 5 BROWN D GOLD 6 MAGENTA E OLIVE 7 CYAN F BACKGROUND

The MODIFY/LINE-STYLE command is available for Lines, Groups and Objects. The style of a line can be changed in PEP in three ways. First, you can change the shape of the pen used to draw the line. Second, you can change the size of the pen. The size can be controlled independently in both the X direction and the Y direction. Finally, the line can be dashed. Dashing can be controlled by specifying for one dash its number of pixels on and number of pixels off. By combining these three techniques, an almost infinite variety of line styles can be produced. For groups and objects, setting the line style causes all lines in the group or object to be redrawn in the given style. This includes lines contained within sub-groups and sub-objects. Text, however, is not affected. Use the LINE-STYLE command to display a new menu, from which you can change the pen shape, pen size, and dashing parameters.

Use the MODIFY/LINE-STYLE/NIBTYPE command to change the shape of the nib, or pen point, used by PEP to draw the selected element. Type the command letter to display a menu of the eight available types: point, horizontal line, vertical line, up-sloping line, down-sloping line, box, ellipse, and rhombus. Choose one of these and the selected element is redrawn using the new pen shape.

Use the MODIFY/LINE-STYLE/PENSIZE command to change the size of the pen point used to draw the selected element. It is an XY input command. X controls the pen width and Y controls the pen depth. Note, however, that three types of nib are unaffected by one or both of these settings. A horizontal pen is not affected by the Y setting, a vertical pen is not affected by the X setting, and a point pen is always one pixel by one pixel.

The MODIFY/LINE-STYLE/DASHES command has two capabilities. You can use it as a multiple choice command to turn dashing ON and OFF. When dashing is ON, it is also an XY input command. X controls the length of the dashes, and Y controls the space between the dashes. If the pen size is larger than 0, the dashes can be made to overlap by using a small Y, or they can be kept apart by setting Y sufficiently large.

The MODIFY/ORDER command is available for all elements. While an element is being modified, it is temporarily moved in front of all other elements in the open object. Normally, when you QUIT from the MODIFY menu, it is replaced in its original position in the drawing sequence. This can be changed by using the ORDER command. It is a multiple choice command with three values: SAME, 1ST, and LAST. If the order is SAME, the selected element will be replaced in its original position in the drawing sequence; this is the default value for ORDER. If the order is 1ST, the selected element will be moved to the back of the drawing sequence; it will be the first one drawn; other elements, if they overlap this one, will obscure it. If the order is LAST, the selected element will remain at the front of the drawing sequence; it will continue to be the last one drawn; other elements, if they overlap this one, will be obscured by it. Note that the effects of the ORDER command do not take place until you QUIT from the MODIFY menu.

The MODIFY/GLOBALS command is available for all elements. Use this command to set the appropriate parameters in the G-DEFAULTS <[10]> or T-DEFAULTS <[11]> menu to agree with the properties of the selected element. For example, if you want to insert a number of lines having the same line-style and color as a given line, select that line using the MODIFY command, and then use GLOBALS to update the graphic default settings. Every line inserted thereafter will have the properties of the line that you selected.

The MODIFY/ANGLES command is available for Arcs. Use the ANGLES command to change the curvature of an arc. Press the command letter and position the cursor within the box that appears. Press RETURN to select a point inside that box. The arc is redrawn with new slopes. The new slopes are determined by the chosen point. Namely, at each end point, the arc will be tangent to the straight line drawn from that end point to the point selected by the cursor. This is shown in <[FIG02]>. Repeat if necessary until the arc is drawn as you want it. In addition, you can use ANGLES as an XY input command and enter the start and end angles explicitly. In this case, use X input to specify the angle at the start of the line, and Y input to specify the angle at the end. Type in the angles in degrees from the horizontal. The minimum value is 0 (horizontal) and the maximum value is 90 (vertical). If you imagine a straight line from the start point of the arc to its end point, the entire arc must lie on one side or the other of this line. If you change one angle so as to violate this constraint, the opposite angle will be flipped automatically so that the arc will still be legal. If you want to draw a curve that begins on one side of this line and ends on the other, you can accomplish this by inserting two separate arcs.

The MODIFY/FLIP command is available for Right-angles and Arcs. Use this command to toggle between the two drawing directions (clockwise and counter-clockwise) of the selected right-angle or arc. <[FIG09]>.

The MODIFY/EXPLODE command is available for Groups and Objects. For groups, EXPLODE is an un-group command. It causes the group to be replaced by its separate elements. If a filled region is exploded, it is replaced by the individual elements of its boundary. Because the exploded group no longer exists as a single element, this command automatically exits from the MODIFY menu. For objects, EXPLODE causes the object to be replaced by a group of elements identical in appearance to the object being replaced. Then the MODIFY-OBJECT menu is replaced by a MODIFY-GROUP menu. For example, to make a filled region out of an object, first EXPLODE the object, then, in the MODIFY-GROUP menu, use the FILL command <[4.8]> to make the group into a filled region. To explode an object into its separate elements, press the command letter twice, once to convert from object into group, and again to explode the group into its individual components.

The MODIFY/UN-DO command is available for all elements. This command reverses (or "un-does") the most recent modification of the selected element. As for the UN-DELETE command described in Chapter <[3]>, if you press the command letter a second time, the next most recent modification will be undone. If you continue to execute the command, more changes will be reversed. The number of changes remembered is limited only by the amount of available memory. However, if you QUIT from the MODIFY menu, or DUPLICATE the active element, the UN-DO memory is emptied. You cannot subsequently un-do earlier modifications. The commands in the COLLECT menu allow you to select multiple elements from the open object, and then to convert them into a group, a filled region, or an object. (You can also delete all the selected elements). Use the six commands at the top of the menu (ALL, EXCEPT, SINGLE, INSIDE, TOUCHING, and PROPERTIES) to specify which elements you want to collect. The commands can be used in combination to select and deselect multiple elements in a variety of ways as described below. The three commands at the bottom of the menu (OBJECT, GROUP, and DELETE) terminate the selection process and specify the operation to be performed on the selected elements. To abort the collection process at any time, type Q (for QUIT) or ESC to return to the top menu.

The COLLECT/ALL command causes all elements in the open object to be selected.

Use the COLLECT/EXCEPT command to switch from selecting elements to un-selecting and back again. It is a multiple choice command and has two values: OFF (elements chosen by the user are being selected) and ON (elements are being un-selected). If EXCEPT is OFF, only elements not yet selected can be chosen by the user, and once chosen they become selected. If EXCEPT is ON, only elements already selected can be chosen, and once chosen they become no longer selected. For simplicity, the discussion below assumes that EXCEPT is OFF and elements are being selected. However, the same procedures apply if you have turned EXCEPT ON, and are un-selecting elements previously collected. For example, to select everything except one particular element, first use the ALL command to select everything. Then turn EXCEPT ON, and use the SINGLE command to de-select the one exceptional element.

Use the COLLECT/SINGLE command if you want to select individual picture elements, one at a time. When you press the command letter, a cross-hair cursor appears; position the cursor and press RETURN. PEP finds the picture element nearest to the cursor and displays a box around that element. (This element is also displayed in the preview window.) Press RETURN again to accept, or SPACE to reject this choice. If you accept it, the boxed element is added to the collected elements and the cross-hair reappears in preparation for selecting another element. If you reject the boxed element, PEP finds the next closest and displays a box is around it. During this process, an element once collected is not available for selection later.

The COLLECT/INSIDE command provides one method for selecting several elements at once. To use it, press the command letter, position the cross-hair cursor, and press RETURN. The crosshair cursor is replaced by a stretchable box cursor whose upper left corner is located at the chosen point. Stretch this box so that it surrounds the elements you want to select and press RETURN again. All elements contained entirely inside the box are selected. The cross-hair cursor reappears in preparation for repeating the process.

The COLLECT/TOUCHING command provides a second method for selecting several elements at once. The selection process is exactly the same as for the INSIDE command above with one exception: now all elements are selected which intersect the box cursor, whereas, with the INSIDE command, selected elements were required to be entirely inside the box. Note: an element is considered to be touching a specified rectangle if the smallest box containing the element intersects the rectangle, even if the element itself does not intersect. In <[FIG01]>, the straight line A qualifies as touching the stretchable box cursor B because a box C drawn around A would intersect with B.

By using the COLLECT/PROPERTIES command you can limit the selection process to certain types of elements or elements with certain properties. For example, you can restrict attention to red elements or to lines only. This is a multiple choice command with two values: DISABLED (all elements are available for selection) and ENABLED (only elements matching the properties template are available for selection). When the template is first enabled, a new menu is displayed to show the current template and to allow the user to change it. After you set a property in the template, only elements having that property can be selected. If two or more properties are used, only elements having both properties can be selected. You should be careful not to use contradictory properties, as then no selection can happen at all. For example, if the template specifies a fill pattern, only filled regions can be selected. If a justification is specified, only text labels can be selected. Thus if both are specified, no selection can take place as no element can have both properties. To turn off a field in the template, choose the value NONE for that field.

Use the COLLECT/PROPERTIES/ELEMENT command to restrict selection to elements of a certain type. Press the command letter to display a menu of choices. The choices are: LINE (all types of lines are accepted), HORIZONTAL (only horizontal lines are accepted), VERTICAL, STRAIGHT, RIGHTANGLE, CURVE, GROUP (both types of groups are accepted: PLAIN and FILLED), PLAIN (only plain groups are accepted), FILLED (only filled regions are accepted), OBJECT, TEXT, and NONE.

Use the COLLECT/PROPERTIES/JUSTIFY command to restrict selection to text labels with a certain justification. It is a multiple choice command with five values: CENTER, LEFT, RIGHT, EVEN and NONE.

Use the COLLECT/PROPERTIES/FONT command to restrict selection to text labels using a certain font. It is a multiple choice command with seven values: the six possible fonts and NONE.

Use the COLLECT/PROPERTIES/PATTERN command to restrict selection to filled regions with a given fill pattern. Press the command letter to display a menu of 17 choices: the 16 fill patterns and NONE.

Use the COLLECT/PROPERTIES/COLOR command to restrict selection to elements with a given color. Press the command letter to display a menu of 17 choices: the 16 colors and NONE.

Use the COLLECT/PROPERTIES/ROTATION command to restrict selection to text labels and objects having a given rotation. Press the command letter to display a menu of 9 choices: the 8 rotations and NONE.

Use the COLLECT/PROPERTIES/NAME command to restrict selection to objects of a given type. Press the command letter to display a menu of object names including /NONE/.

The COLLECT/PROPERTIES/INITIALIZE command resets every entry in the template to NONE. In this state, every element in the open object will match the template.

The COLLECT/OBJECT command terminates selection and converts all selected elements into an OBJECT. Press the command letter and type in a name for the object. A MODIFY-OBJECT menu is then displayed. See Chapter <[4]> for descriptions of each of the commands in this menu. To return to the PEP main menu, simply QUIT from the MODIFY-OBJECT menu.

The COLLECT/GROUP command terminates selection and converts all selected elements into a GROUP. A MODIFY-GROUP menu is then displayed. See Chapter <[4]> for descriptions of each of the commands in this menu. To return to the PEP main menu, simply QUIT from the MODIFY-GROUP menu.

The COLLECT/DELETE command terminates selection and deletes all selected elements from the open object. PEP continues to display the COLLECT menu. The UN-DELETE command <[3.1]> in the main menu can be used to recover the deleted material. Use the commands in the PRINT menu when you want to print a picture that you have drawn with PEP. With these commands, you can control the size and proportions of the printed image, and its position on the page. Only the open object can be printed; so, before you print, you may need to use the OBJECT/OPEN command <[7.1]> to display the object you want to print.

The PRINT/GO command prints the open object according to the parameters displayed in the PRINT menu. All previously requested printing is completed before the new print task is begun. The number of print jobs pending is shown in the PRINT/GO menu item. The print task makes its own copy of the open object, so that you can continue to edit while printing is in progress. The size of the print image is determined by a combination of factors: the native object size, the printer resolution, the magnification shown in the PRINT/STRETCHES command, and other parameters set in the PRINT menu as described below. If the print image would be too large to fit on one page, a new menu is displayed offering four options for printing such oversize images.

The PRINT/GO/SHRINK command prints at a smaller size than requested so that the entire image will fit on a single page. The orientation of the image and the ratio of its height and width are not altered. To print an object as large as possible on a single page, simply specify large values in the PRINT/STRETCHES command and then choose the SHRINK option when you print.

The PRINT/GO/MULTI-PAGE command will use as many pages as required to print at the requested size. Each page will be completely filled, ignoring margin requests. Pages are printed in the following order. First, the top row of pages is printed, beginning with the upper left corner of the image and proceeding to the right. Then, the second row is printed, then the third and so on.

The PRINT/GO/TRUNCATE command prints as much of the requested image as will fit on a single page, and ignores the parts of the image that will not fit. In effect, it prints the first page of a multi-page image, and then stops.

The PRINT/GO/CANCEL command kills the requested print of the oversized image, and returns to the main PRINT menu. Choose this option if you want to readjust the printer parameters before printing.

The PRINT/KILL command aborts all printing activity (active or pending). There is an equivalent single keystroke command: ALT-P <[14.3.12]>.

The PRINT/ASPECT command changes the printing aspect mode. There are four choices: SQUARE, EQUAL, SCREEN, and OFF. When SQUARE aspect is turned on, the Y stretch factor changes to produce square aspect in printed images. When EQUAL aspect is turned on, the Y stretch factor changes to be equal to the X stretch factor. When SCREEN aspect is turned on, the Y stretch factor changes to give you a printout with the same aspect ratio as the screen. Subsequently, in each case, if either stretch factor is changed, the other is adjusted to preserve the chosen aspect. If aspect is OFF, the stretch factors can be changed independently of each other.

The PRINT/DEVICE command displays a menu that depends on the printer driver that you are using (in other words, on the printer you specified when you ran the PEP installation utility). Some printers can print at more than one resolution, some support printing of multiple copies, and some have other parameters that you can control via this menu. Note: if your printer supports multiple copy output, it is generally much faster to produce duplicates by using the PRINT/DEVICE/COPIES command than by making repeated use of the PRINT/GO command.

The PRINT/DEVICE menu for DeskJet printers contains three commands. Use the RESOLUTION command to change the printer's dot-per-inch setting. Four resolutions are supported: 75, 100, 150, and (the default value) 300 DPI. Use the COLORS command to switch between printing in color and printing in black and white only. Use the SHINGLING command to enable and disable multi-pass printing. When this option is enabled, neighboring dots are printed in separate passes of the print head. Although this is slower, it may improve image quality by reducing horizontal banding and the unwanted mixing of different color inks. Color printing and shingling are not supported on all DeskJet printers. You should not enable these features unless your printer supports them. The default setting for COLORS and SHINGLING is DISABLED.

The PRINT/DEVICE menu for LaserJet printers contains two commands. Use the RESOLUTION command to choose among several dot-per-inch settings supported by the printer. Use the COPIES command to print multiple copies of a picture.

The Bubble Jet printer driver has no device specific, user selectable options.

The PRINT/DEVICE menu for PostScript printers contains six commands. Use the BLACK-ONLY command to disable output of color data. Use the TEXT-MODE command to toggle between using PostScript font metrics and using PEP metrics. Use the OUTPUT command to direct output to an EPS file. Use the PREVIEW command to include EPSI screen preview data in EPS files. Use the LIMIT-SIZE command to control the number of kilobytes of preview data to include. Use the COPIES command to print multiple copies of a picture. More information on the PRINT/DEVICE commands for Postscript printers can be found in the section on Postscript output <[16.10]>.

The PRINT/DEVICE menu for bitmap output to a PostScript printer contains two commands. Use the OUTPUT command to direct output to an EPS file. Use the COPIES command to print multiple copies of a picture.

The PRINT/DEVICE menu for 9 pin Epson printers contains three commands. Use the RESOLUTION command to choose between high resolution and draft mode dot-per-inch values. Use the X-DENSITY and Y-DENSITY commands to change the horizontal and vertical dot-per-inch settings independently.

The 24 pin Epson printer driver has no device specific, user selectable options.

The PRINT/DEVICE menu for the IBM graphics printer contains three commands. Use the RESOLUTION command to choose between high resolution and draft mode dot-per-inch values. Use the X-DENSITY and Y-DENSITY commands to change the horizontal and vertical dot-per-inch settings independently.

The PRINT/DEVICE menu for the IBM color printer contains five commands. Use the DENSITY command to choose between high resolution and draft mode dot-per-inch values. Use the X-DENSITY and Y-DENSITY commands to change the horizontal and vertical dot-per-inch settings independently. Use the RIBBON command to identify the type of ribbon in the printer: black only, four color, or eight color. Use the PASSES command to enable overstrike printing for darker colors.

PRINT/CENTER is a multiple choice command governing the centering of the printed image on the page. The modes are: NO (no centering is performed), X (the image is centered horizontally on the page), Y (the image is centered vertically on the page), and XY (the image is centered both horizontally and vertically).

PRINT/FORM is a multiple choice command. The choices govern printer formfeeds. The choices are: NONE (no formfeeds are output), LAST (a formfeed is output after the image is printed), and FIRST (a formfeed is output before the image is printed). Note: certain printers always eject a page after each picture printed. For these printers, the PRINT/FORM setting has no effect.

Use the PRINT/ROTATION command to rotate the printed image. Press the command letter to display a menu with eight choices: 0, 90, 180, 270 (degrees clockwise), \, -, /, | (mirror images).

Use the PRINT/STRETCHES command to set the magnification applied to the picture during printing. This XY input command allows you to set either or both of the X and Y stretch factors. These numbers may be integers, decimals or fractions. The maximum stretch is 255. Note: if you use the PRINT/IMAGE command (described below) to request a particular output image size, then the current stretch factor values will be ignored during printing. If you subsequently execute the PRINT/STRETCHES command, then the PRINT/IMAGE mode will be automatically turned OFF, and the stretch factors will control the image size.

The open object can be printed larger or smaller by changing the PRINT/STRETCHES values as described above. You can also tell PEP directly how large you want the printed image to be. Using the PRINT/IMAGE command, you can explicitly set the desired printed image size. There are two modes: ON and OFF. If the mode is ON, the output image is forced to be a specified size. When the open object is printed, PEP will ignore the stretch factors displayed in the PRINT menu and calculate new ones. The new stretches are chosen so that the printed object will have the required size. If the mode is OFF, the output image size is determined implicitly. It is the product of the stretch factors set in the PRINT/STRETCHES command and the open object maximum coordinates. The PRINT/IMAGE command toggles the image mode ON and OFF. When you turn IMAGE ON, the command becomes an XY input command so that you can set the horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) image size that you want PEP to produce. Note: executing the PRINT/STRETCHES command automatically turns the image mode OFF.

The PRINT/MARGINS command is an XY input command. Use it to set the left (X) and/or top (Y) margins. If X centering is in force the left margin is ignored. If Y centering is in force the top margin is ignored.

Use the PRINT/PAGE command to control PEP's current printer page size. For example, if you have a wide carriage dot matrix printer, you would use this command to increase the horizontal page size when you wanted to print to paper wider than the standard 8 1/2 inch physical width. You would increase the vertical size for banner printing. There are two page modes: PRINT and USER. Press the command letter to toggle between these modes. When the mode is PRINT, the page size is determined by the printer driver, and may change if driver settings, such as resolution, are altered via the PRINT/DEVICE menu <[6.4]>. When the mode is USER, the page size can be set explicitly, and does not vary when the printer driver settings are changed. When you turn the page mode to USER, the command becomes an XY input command, so that you can enter the horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) page size data. These values specify the total number of dots than can be printed in each direction. Note that the page size includes only the printable portion of the physical page. PEP uses the page size data to determine when to invoke the oversize printing options (TRUNCATE, MULTI-PAGE, and SHRINK) <[6.1]>. This information is also used if centering <[6.5]> is in effect.

If you do not want to print the entire open object, you can use the PRINT/WINDOW command to print the contents of a rectangular sub-area that you specify. There are two windowing modes: OFF and ON. Press the command letter to toggle between these modes. The window boundary is given by four coordinates in two sets of XY input lines under the command name in the menu. You can type in these numbers, using PRINT/WINDOW as an XY input command. To set the window graphically using the cursor, press the command letter to turn windowing ON. Then position the cross-hair cursor at one corner of the desired window and press RETURN. The cross-hair is replaced by a stretchable box cursor. Position the mobile corner of that cursor at the opposite corner of the desired window and press RETURN again. The area outlined by the box cursor becomes the print window. The commands in the OBJECT menu control which picture is currently being edited (in other words, which is the open object), and perform other object-wide operations.

Use the OBJECT/OPEN command to select an object for editing and display it on the screen. The selected object is opened; it becomes the open object. Type the command letter to display a name menu of all the objects in the loaded picture file. Select an object name from this menu to open that object for editing, or select the name "/NEW/" if you want to create a new drawing from scratch. (See the discussion of name menus in <[1.9.1]> for information on how to select a name out of this menu.) If you have changed the former open object and not used the OBJECT/CLOSE command (see below), those changes are lost by opening another object. You are always asked for verification before PEP deletes these changes. If you want to abort the changes that you have made to the open object, simply use the OBJECT/OPEN command to reopen the same object, or to open another object. Otherwise use the OBJECT/CLOSE command described below to save the changes to the old object before opening a new one.

Use the OBJECT/CLOSE command to close the open object, optionally assigning it a new name. If you have been editing a previously created object, its old name appears in the menu line below the CLOSE command. To save the new version of the object with the same name, simply press the command letter and RETURN. If you want to save the new version under a new name, press the command letter, type the new name, and press RETURN. The original object remains unchanged under its old name. If you have created this object from scratch, the name area will be blank. Type the command letter, type in a name, and press RETURN. If a new name is used, and it is the name of an existing object, the former contents of that object are lost. You are asked for verification before this happens.

Use the OBJECT/RENAME command to change the name of any object in the picture file you are editing. Press the command letter to display a menu of object names. Select one; its old name appears highlighted below the RENAME command in the OBJECT menu. Type in a new name and press return. The selected object is given that name.

While you are editing an object, there is always a maximum area into which it is legal to place picture elements. This is called the editing area. To make this limit visible, PEP displays a thick red line at the right and bottom edges of the legal editing area. The OBJECT/LIMIT command lets you choose among three choices for the type of editing limit. In PAGE mode, the editing area is limited to one printer page; if you change the printer settings, the area may also change. In USER mode, the editing area limits are user specified. When you turn USER mode on, the LIMIT command becomes an XY input command that allows you to set the X and Y limit values. In NONE mode, the editing area limits are set to 16383 pixels in each direction. This is maximum coordinate value legal for PEP picture elements under any circumstances. Note: if you open an object that is larger than the current limits, the editing area is expanded to accommodate it, but a warning message is displayed.

To increase display speed, PEP maintains a cache of bitmap images of objects that it draws. Once an object has been drawn into a bitmap, it can be drawn to the screen or printer by a transfer of the bitmap image rather than a draw of each component element. Unless the object is very simple or the image very large, the single transfer is the faster operation. A separate bitmap image is cached for each combination of stretch, rotation and line style in which the object is drawn. Objects that contain colors (other than FOREGROUND) or fill patterns (other than SOLID) are not cached. Use the OBJECT/BITMAP command to control whether a particular object can be cached. It is a multiple choice command with two values: ON (caching is enabled for the object) and OFF (caching is disabled). Whenever you start editing a new object, the BITMAP status is reset to OFF. If you are creating an object which will be used multiple times as a sub-object in another object and which does not contain colors or fill patterns, then you can probably improve display speed by turning BITMAP ON. Otherwise, you should leave it OFF.

You can use the OBJECT/ELIMINATE command to remove the definition of any unused object from the picture file that you are editing. If, however, the object you select is used in some other object definition, then PEP displays an error message and you will not be able to ELIMINATE the object selected. You must first ELIMINATE the calling object before you can ELIMINATE any of the sub-objects that it contains.

The OBJECT/SHORTEN command reduces as much as possible the number of bytes in the PDL representation of the open object. A message displays the savings (in bytes) that resulted from invoking this command.

The commands in the OBJECT/IMPORT menu allow you to extract objects defined in other PDL files and add them to the PDL file that you are editing.

Use the OBJECT/IMPORT/FILE command to identify the source file from which objects are to be imported. Press the command letter to display a name menu of all files in the source directory with the extension PDL (or other extension set by the OBJECT/IMPORT/EXT command below), and choose a source file from this menu. The source directory may be either the current PEP directory or the PEP home directory. The choice is determined by the OBJECT/IMPORT/DIRECTORY command below.

Use the OBJECT/IMPORT/EXT command to change the filename extension used by the OBJECT/IMPORT/FILE command above.

Use the OBJECT/IMPORT/OBJECT command to import an object from the selected source file. If the object you select contains sub-objects, each of these is imported also unless an object with the same name is already present in the file you are editing.

Use the OBJECT/IMPORT/ALL command to import all of the objects from the specified source picture file. An object in the source file will not be imported if an object with the same name is already present in the file you are editing.

Use the OBJECT/IMPORT/DIRECTORY command to select the source directory for imported objects. This is a multiple choice command. The choices are: HOME (source files are located in the PEP home directory) and CURRENT (source files are located in the current directory). If you are importing objects from both the PEP standard libraries and from libraries of your own creation, this command provides a rapid method of switching between the relevant directories. The current directory can be changed by using the SETUP/DIRECTORY menu <[12.6]>.

The OBJECT/HOME command moves the contents of the open object as far as possible towards the upper left corner, location (0,0). The elements of the object do not change their positions with respect to each other; they all move in parallel towards the upper left corner. Use this command to eliminate empty space at the left and top edges of the open object. By using the commands in the FILE menu, you can load picture files from disk into your computer's memory, and save pictures from memory as files on disk. You can also import ASCII files as text into the open object. Unless you have used the SETUP/DIRECTORY command <[12.6]>, these files will be read from and written to the directory that was active in DOS when PEP was loaded. By using the SETUP/DIRECTORY command, you can specify any other device and path that you wish to access.

The FILE/NEW command erases all picture data in your computer's memory. The open object and all other object definitions (if any) in the loaded picture file are deleted. If unsaved work would be lost, you are asked to verify before the deletion takes place. Only the picture data loaded into PEP are erased; picture files on disk are not affected by this command.

The FILE/LOAD command displays a name menu of all files in the current directory with the extension PDL. (You can use the EXTENSIONS command <[8.5]> to change the file extension used by the LOAD command.) To load a file, select its name from this menu. If the file you select contains an object named MAIN, that object is automatically opened. (You can use the OBJECT/OPEN command <[7.1]> if you want to select a different object from the loaded picture file for viewing, editing, or printing.) If there is no MAIN object, PEP next displays a name menu of all the objects in the newly loaded file. Select an object name from this menu to open that object for editing, or select the name "/NEW/" if you want to create a new drawing from scratch. The picture data that was formerly loaded into PEP is deleted when you load a new file. If unsaved work would be lost, you are first asked to verify before loading takes place. Note that the current fonts, bit patterns, editing and other parameters of PEP are not changed by loading a new picture file. When you load a file, its name becomes the default filename for the SAVE command.

After you have created or modified a picture, use the FILE/SAVE command to save your results as a file on disk. The default filename is the name of the last file that you loaded. You can either press RETURN to use this default, or type in a new file name. The file is saved with the extension PDL. (You can use the EXTENSIONS command <[8.5]> to change the file extension used by the SAVE command.) Using the SAVE command does not erase the loaded picture file from your computer's memory. You can continue to add to and modify the pictures in it. You do not have to use the LOAD to command to re-load the file back into PEP. It is a good practice to use the SAVE command frequently as you work, and not to wait until you are done editing. This will store your intermediate results safely on disk, and will minimize your losses in the event of a system failure. If you have made changes to the open object, you must close it in order to have those changes included in the saved file. If you have not already closed the open object, then, when you execute the SAVE command, a new menu is displayed. Using this menu, you can either close the open object or verify that the changes to it should not be included in the saved file.

Use the FILE/SAVE/CLOSE command to close the open object so that the latest changes to it will be included in the saved file. The operation of this command is the same as the OBJECT/CLOSE command <[7.2]>.

Use the FILE/SAVE/IGNORE command if you want to save the loaded picture file without closing the open object. In this case, changes made to the open object since the last OBJECT/CLOSE command will not be included in the saved file.

The FILE/TEXT-READ command displays a name menu of all files in the current directory with the extension TXT. (You can use the EXTENSIONS command described below to change the file extension used by the TEXT-READ command.). When you choose one of these files, PEP reads that file and adds it to the open object. The entire file is read (preserving line breaks) and incorporated into the open object as a sequence of text labels. The first line of text is placed at the upper left corner, location (0,0), the second line is placed beneath this, and so forth. These labels use the default font, justification, typesize, and leading as set by the commands in the T-DEFAULTS menu <[11]>. The new labels are added to the open object; the prior contents of the open object are not affected. If a line from the text file contains tab characters, it will be imported as more than one text label. A label is ended whenever a tab character is encountered, and a new label is begun to the right of the prior one at an X coordinate corresponding to the appropriate next tab stop.

The commands in the FILE/EXTENSIONS menu are string input commands. They allow you to change the default extensions used for loading and saving picture files and for importing text files. When you specify a new extension in the FILE/EXTENSIONS menu, the new extension appears in the appropriate line of the FILE menu as well.

Use the FILE/EXTENSIONS/LOAD command to set the extension used by the FILE/LOAD command <[8.2]>.

Use the FILE/EXTENSIONS/SAVE command to set the extension used by the FILE/SAVE command <[8.3]>.

Use the FILE/EXTENSIONS/TEXT command to set the extension used by the FILE/TEXT command <[8.4]>. The QUIT command is used to exit from PEP and to restart PEP with a new configuration. Any work which has not been saved to a file is lost in either case. You are asked to verify before this happens. Before exiting or restarting, PEP waits for all print tasks and all active file IO to complete. When PEP is started, it looks for a file named AUTO.FIG. If it finds this file, PEP reads it and treats the characters in it as if they had been typed on the keyboard. Alternatively, a configuration file can be specified on the PEP command line. If present, this file is used instead of AUTO.FIG. For example, to use the configuration file SPECIAL.FIG, you would type: PEP /F=SPECIAL An AUTO.FIG file is created when you install PEP. It divides the screen into menu, text, and graphics tiles, and installs fonts and patterns. You may alter this file, or create new configuration files with the MAKEFIG capability. Then you can restart PEP and specify an alternative configuration file. See the MAKEFIG and RESTART commands below.

The QUIT/EXIT command terminates PEP and returns to DOS.

The QUIT/CANCEL command cancels the QUIT request and returns to the main PEP menu.

Use the QUIT/MAKEFIG command to create your own configuration files. Type the command letter, name the new file, and select from a menu of existing configurations. Choose one to use as a base to which you can add keystrokes. To start with no preset keystrokes, select NULL.FIG. PEP records subsequent keystrokes until you type ALT-Z <[14.3.20]> to save your new FIG file. To use this file, select QUIT/RESTART (see below), and choose the new filename. You can use this capability to set your prefered defaults and even to load a file and open an object. Note: while you are creating a configuration file, you cannot use your mouse. PEP disables the mouse during FIG file creation, because mouse data cannot be stored in a FIG file, which is simply a sequence of keystrokes. When you type ALT-Z to end the FIG file, your mouse will be re-enabled. For the same reason, automatic cursor motion is disabled.

The QUIT/RESTART command displays a name menu of all files in the home directory with the extension FIG (see the section on name menus <[1.9.1]>). Choose one to restart PEP using the chosen file for configuration. Use the G-DEFAULTS menu to set the default properties that will apply to subsequently inserted graphic picture elements. A separate menu, the T-DEFAULTS menu, controls the default properties for text elements. (See Chapter <[11]>.)

The G-DEFAULTS/PATTERN command displays a menu of the 16 available fill patterns. Each pattern is associated with a key letter (0 to 9 and A to F). Select a pattern by pressing its key letter. The set of available patterns is determined by the currently installed pattern file. This can be changed by using the SETUP/INSTALL/PATTERNS command <[12.5.2]>.

The G-DEFAULTS/BORDER command controls the default border color for filled regions. Press the command letter to display a menu of 17 choices, the 16 colors and NONE. If you choose a color, that color becomes the default border color that applies when groups are converted into filled regions (see the MODIFY/FILL command <[4.8]>). If you choose NONE, then no border will be drawn when regions are created.

Use the G-DEFAULTS/COLOR command to select a new graphic default color. Subsequently inserted lines and filled regions will be drawn in this color. (To set the default color for text labels use the T-DEFAULTS/COLOR command <[11.5]>). If you have a monochrome display, all colors appear the same except color F (BACKGROUND). The display of most monochrome monitors for the PC and compatibles is green or amber on a black background. Most printers print black on a white background. Therefore, the names BLACK and WHITE are not used in the color menu, and the substitutes FOREGROUND and BACKGROUND are used instead. FOREGROUND color will be green or amber on screen and black on paper. BACKGROUND color will be black on screen and white on paper.

Use the G-DEFAULTS/OVERRIDE command you to override the native colors and/or line styles of subsequently inserted objects. Type the command letter to cycle through the four modes: NONE, COLOR, LINES, and BOTH. When the setting is NONE, an inserted object is drawn exactly as it was defined, using its native colors and line styles. When the setting is COLOR, the object is drawn in the current default color. When the setting is LINES, the object is drawn in the current default line style. When the setting is BOTH, the object is drawn in both the current default color and line style.

Use the G-DEFAULTS/ROTATION command to set the rotation of all objects subsequently inserted. Press the command letter to display a menu of eight choices: 0, 90, 180, 270 (degrees clockwise), \, -, /, | (mirror images).

Use the G-DEFAULTS/STRETCHES command to set the default stretch factors applied to all subsequently inserted objects. It is an XY input command. If you specify X=1/2 and Y=1/2, for example, all objects inserted thereafter will initially appear at half of their native size.

Use the G-DEFAULTS/LINE-STYLE command to set the default nibtype, pensize and dashing parameters.

Use the G-DEFAULTS/LINE-STYLE/NIBTYPE command to set the nib, or pen point, to be used in drawing lines and region boundaries. Type the command letter to display a menu of possible nibtypes. The nib shapes include: point, horizontal line, vertical line, up-sloping line, down-sloping line, box, ellipse, and rhombus. Most nibtypes require X and Y input to determine their size. These are set by the Pensize command (see below).

Use the G-DEFAULTS/LINE-STYLE/PENSIZE command to set the size of the nib used in drawing lines and region boundaries. It is an XY input command; type in the desired values. Note that three nibtypes ignore one or both of these settings. They are: Point, which is always one pixel by one pixel, Horizontal line, which ignores the Y setting, and Vertical line, which ignores the X setting. (See the NIBTYPE command, above.)

The G-DEFAULTS/LINE-STYLE/DASHES command has two capabilities. Use it to turn line dashing on and off. It is also an XY input command in which, when dashing is on, X = dash length, and Y = space between dashes (in pixels). If the pensize (see above) is larger than 0, the dashes will overlap unless you set Y sufficiently large to compensate.

Use the G-DEFAULTS/INITIALIZE command to reset all graphics defaults to their standard values: COLOR 0 PATTERN 0 BORDER 0 OVERRIDE NONE ROTATION 0 STRETCH 1 X 1 NIBTYPE POINT PENSIZE 4 X 4 DASHES OFF 0 X 0 Use the T-DEFAULTS menu to set the default properties that will apply to subsequently inserted text. A separate menu, the G-DEFAULTS menu, controls the default properties for graphic elements. (See Chapter <[10]>.)

Use the T-DEFAULTS/FONT command to change the default font. It is a multiple choice menu item. Both the current font number and the name of that font are displayed in the menu. (To change the font file assignments, use the SETUP/INSTALL menu <[12.5.1]>.)

Use the T-DEFAULTS/JUSTIFY command to change the default text justification. It is a multiple choice menu item. The choices are: LEFT (text is flush to the left edge of the label box), RIGHT (flush to the right edge), CENTERED (text is centered in its box), and EVEN (text is flush with both left and right edges of its box). PEP accomplishes even justification by dividing any extra space into equal increments and microspacing the individual characters in the text string).

Use the T-DEFAULTS/TYPESIZE command to set the typesize for subsequently inserted text. It is an XY input command. The values determine a pair of stretch factors applied to characters in the current font when text is inserted. The typesize values determine the maximum possible width and depth of characters; no character is ever wider than typesize X nor taller than typesize Y.

Use the T-DEFAULTS/ROTATION command to set the rotation for all subsequently inserted text. Press the command letter to display a menu of eight choices: 0, 90, 180, 270 (degrees clockwise), \, -, /, | (mirror images).

Use the T-DEFAULTS/COLOR command to change the default text color. Colors are numbered 0 through 9 and A through F. The current color number and color name are displayed in the T-DEFAULTS menu. Press the command letter to display a list of the available colors. Select a color from this menu, and it becomes the current default text color. Subsequently inserted text labels will have this color. A separate command (G-DEFAULTS/COLOR <[10.3]>) controls the default color for graphic elements. You can also change color within a text label by editing the label and using the ALT-F9 key <[14.2.5]>.

Text labels in PEP are always associated with a box width value. This width, along with the text justification and the starting point, determines the position of the text when it is drawn. For example, if the justification mode is even-margins, the text is positioned by PEP so that the first character is flush with the left edge and the last character with the right edge of the label as determined by the starting point and the width. The T-DEFAULTS/BOX command is a multiple choice command which determines the box width mode of subsequently inserted text labels. There are two modes: AUTO and FIXED. If the mode is AUTO, the box width of the label is determined by the contents of the label; it changes whenever the text is edited. If the mode is FIXED, the box width is initially set to the default value specified in the T-DEFAULTS/WIDTH command described below. The width of a FIXED mode label can be changed by using the MODIFY/WIDTH command <[4.16]>.

Use the T-DEFAULTS/WIDTH command to specify the default label box width. Note that the box width is relevant only if the box mode is FIXED. If the mode is AUTO, setting the width has no effect on subsequently inserted (see the BOX command above). To use the WIDTH command, first type the command letter. Then either type in the label width, or use the cursor to determine the width as follows: position the cross-hair cursor and press RETURN, then position the vertical line cursor which appears and press RETURN again. The label width is set to the horizontal distance between the two cursors. Alternatively, you can press SPACE to convert the vertical line cursor to a horizontal line. Then when you press RETURN, the label width is set to the vertical distance between the two cursors.

Use the T-DEFAULTS/LEADING command to set the amount of extra space to be inserted between successive lines during text insertion and text file import. This extra space is sometimes called leading. First type the command letter. Then either type in the leading value, or use the cursor as follows: position the cross-hair cursor and press RETURN, then position the vertical line cursor which appears and press RETURN again. The leading is set to the horizontal distance between the two cursors. Alternatively, you can press SPACE to convert the vertical line cursor to a horizontal line. Then when you press RETURN, the leading is set to the vertical distance between the two cursors.

Use the T-DEFAULTS/INITIALIZE command to reset all text defaults to their standard values: FONT 0 JUSTIFY LEFT TYPESIZE 35 X 35 ROTATION 0 COLOR 0 BOX AUTO WIDTH 300 LEADING 0 You can use the commands in the SETUP menu to control the layout of the screen and the properties of the graphics windows, to set various system parameters, and to load fonts and pattern files.

The display screen is organized into a number of non-overlapping windows called tiles. (We use the words "tile" and " window" interchangeably.) The commands in the SETUP/TILING menu allow you to create, delete, modify, and assign roles to these tiles. When you installed PEP, a default screen layout was selected for you. You will find that this default layout is adequate for most purposes. New users can safely skip the SETUP/TILING commands when first learning PEP. The commands that assign roles to the tiles (EDIT, PREVIEW, MENU, TEXT, BUTTON, and NOTHING) all operate in the same way. To execute these commands, type the command letter, and then specify a tile by positioning the cross-hair cursor inside that tile and pressing RETURN. The selected tile is assigned the chosen role. The cross-hair cursor remains displayed and you may assign the same role to another tile by selecting it in the same way. Type another TILING command letter, or press ESC to terminate this process. Edit tiles and preview tiles are graphics tiles: they are used to display pictures. You can control the properties of graphics tiles (for example, the position and magnification) by using the commands in the SETUP/WINDOW menu <[12.2]>. Once you settle on a particular screen setup, you may want to create a configuration file that does the setup for you each time you load PEP. For more information, see the discussion of configuration files and the QUIT/MAKEFIG command in Chapter <[9]>.

The SETUP/TILING/H-DIVIDE command creates a new window by horizontally dividing an existing one. The window that is divided is called the parent. The two new windows that are created are called sisters. To execute this command, type the command letter, and choose a window to divide by positioning the cross-hair cursor inside that window and pressing RETURN. A horizontal hairline cursor appears in the chosen window. Next position this cursor where you want the division to occur. Press RETURN and the window is split in two at the chosen location. The hairline cursor remains displayed; move it and press RETURN again to adjust the position of the new boundary. Press ESC or any SETUP/TILING menu command letter to terminate this process. Of the two sister tiles, the upper one is assigned the role that the parent formerly had. The lower sister is initially a graphics editing tile. You can change its role by using commands described below.

The SETUP/TILING/V-DIVIDE command creates a new window by vertically dividing an existing one. Use it in the same way as the H-DIVIDE command above. After a vertical division, the left sister inherits the role of the parent and the right sister becomes a graphics editing tile.

Use the SETUP/TILING/ADJUST command to move a tile boundary created by a previous horizontal or vertical division. First type the command letter. Then choose a boundary by positioning the cross-hair cursor and pressing RETURN. PEP selects the boundary nearest the cursor, and displays a horizontal or vertical hair-line at that position. Move this cursor to the desired boundary location and again press RETURN. The parent tile is re-divided at the new position. The hairline cursor remains displayed and you can adjust the boundary again by moving it and pressing RETURN a second time. Press ESC or any SETUP/TILING menu command letter to terminate this process.

Use the SETUP/TILING/DELETE command to delete a tile. Its sister tile expands to fill the space formerly occupied by the deleted tile. To execute this command, type the command letter, and select the tile to delete by positioning the cross-hair cursor inside that tile and pressing RETURN. After the deletion, the cross-hair cursor remains displayed and you can reposition it and press RETURN again to delete another tile.

The SETUP/TILING/MENU command makes a tile the menu tile. To execute this command, type the command letter, move the cross-hair cursor to the target tile, and press RETURN. The tile you select becomes the menu tile. There is never more than one menu tile. The tile that formerly displayed the menu (assuming that there was one) now becomes a graphics editing tile.

The SETUP/TILING/TEXT command makes a tile the text display tile. The text display tile is used to display prompts and error messages. To execute this command, type the command letter, move the cross-hair cursor inside the target tile, and press RETURN. The tile you select becomes the text display tile. There is never more than one text tile. The tile that formerly displayed prompts and error messages (assuming there was one) now becomes a graphics editing tile.

The SETUP/TILING/EDIT command makes a tile a graphics editing tile. When you open an object for editing, it is displayed in the graphics editing tiles. This role is the default; when a new tile is created it is automatically an edit tile until you change its role. To execute this command, type the command letter, move the cross-hair cursor inside the target tile, and press RETURN. The tile you select becomes a graphics editing tile. An editing tile is a graphics window; its properties can be changed by using the commands in the SETUP/WINDOW menu <[12.2]>.

The SETUP/TILING/BUTTON command makes a tile the button window. The button window makes it possible to access certain important PEP functions with a single mouse click. The window displays a grid of 16 buttons. Each of button corresponds to one of the single keystroke commands. <[FIG28]> shows the button grid. Below is a list of the functions assigned to each button. For a description of any function, see the section on the corresponding single keystroke command. [?] activate on-line help = F1 <[14.1.2]> [B] control scroll bar display = ALT+B <[14.3.2]> [C] contract active window = ALT+C <[14.3.3]> [E] expand active window = ALT+E <[14.3.4]> [F] control fatdot display = ALT+F <[14.3.5]> [G] control grid display = ALT+G <[14.3.6]> [I] reset window stretches = ALT+I <[14.3.8]> [N] select next active window = ALT+N <[14.3.12]> [R] control ruler display = ALT+R <[14.3.14]> [S] control automatic snap = ALT+S <[14.3.15]> [T] control total display = ALT+T <[14.3.16]> [W] initialize active window = ALT+W <[14.3.19]> The bottom row of buttons, labeled with arrows, shift the active window display in the direction of their respective arrows (= SHIFT+arrow key) <[14.4.2]>. A button window is only useful if you have a mouse. When you install PEP, you specify whether or not you will be using one. If you have a mouse, the default screen configuration will include a button window; otherwise, it will not. (However, if you are using a CGA display, the default configuration never includes a button window because of the lack of space). To execute the BUTTON command, type the command letter, move the cross-hair inside the target tile, and press RETURN. The tile you select becomes the button window. The former button window, if any, becomes a edit window.

The SETUP/TILING/PREVIEW command makes a tile a graphics preview window. In certain situations, PEP uses the preview window to present graphical information reflecting the operation being performed. For example, when a menu of object names is displayed, the object currently highlighted in the menu is displayed in the preview window. In this way, you can see the objects that you are selecting among. A similar use of the preview window occurs for menus of colors, nib types, and fill patterns. When you are selecting an element for the DELETE <[3]>, MODIFY <[4]>, and COLLECT <[5]> commands, the candidate elements are displayed in the preview window before they are selected. To execute the PREVIEW command, type the command letter, move the cross-hair cursor inside the target tile, and press RETURN. The tile you select becomes a graphics preview tile. A preview tile is a graphics window; its properties can be changed by using the commands in the SETUP/WINDOW menu <[12.2]>.

The SETUP/TILING/NOTHING command makes a tile blank (it never contains any display). To execute this command, type the command letter, move the cross-hair cursor inside the target tile, and press RETURN.

The edit, preview, and button windows are graphics windows. They have graphics properties, principally position and stretch factors, that you may sometimes want to change. PEP provides a number of ways to change the properties of graphics windows. These can be accessed through the SETUP/WINDOW menu and a number of the single keystroke commands. (You will rarely need to change the properties of preview or button windows, but if you do, these commands apply to them exactly as they do to edit windows). At any moment, one of the graphics windows has a bolder boundary to distinguish it from the others. If you have a color display, the boundary of this window is also displayed in a different color, namely cyan, a light blue. This is the window whose properties can be altered at that moment. It is called the active graphics window. If you need to change the properties of some other graphics window, use the SETUP/WINDOW/NEXT command (or ALT-N) to make that window the active window.

The SETUP/WINDOW/NEXT command deactivates the currently active window, and makes the next graphics window in sequence active. The active graphics window is the one whose properties can be changed by the SETUP/WINDOW menu and related single keystroke commands. When a window becomes active, the status data in the SETUP/WINDOW menu are updated to show the properties of the newly selected window. By pressing the command letter repeatedly, you can cycle through all of the graphics windows until the window whose properties you want to view or change becomes the active graphics window. The [N]-button and the single keystroke command ALT-N <[14.3.12]> are equivalent to this command.

The SETUP/WINDOW/HOME command repositions the active window so that the upper left corner of the window shows the upper left corner of the displayed picture. This is the same as invoking the POSITION command and entering the coordinates (0,0). There is an equivalent single keystroke command: SHIFT-HOME <[14.4.3]>.

The SETUP/WINDOW/EXPAND command expands the display in the active graphics window. Specifically, the window's stretch factors are doubled. The window displays half as much of the open object in each direction, but the displayed elements are twice as big. The [E]-button and the single keystroke command ALT-E <[14.3.4]> are equivalent to this command.

The SETUP/WINDOW/CONTRACT command contracts the display in the active graphics window. The window's stretch factors are reduced by 1/2. The window displays twice as much of the open object in each direction, but the displayed elements are only half as big. The [C]-button and the single keystroke command ALT-C <[14.3.3]> are equivalent to this command.

Sometimes, it is useful to see individual pixels in a picture more clearly than the computer's display can show them in ordinary graphics mode. This is the purpose of fatdots display. For example, you may want to use a fatdots display if you need to position a picture element on a given pixel with absolute precision. In a window in fatdots display mode, each pixel is represented as a box. The SETUP/WINDOW/FATS command changes the fatdots mode of the active graphics window. There are three modes: OFF, ON, and BARE. If the mode is OFF, the window displays normally, without fatdots. If the mode is ON, the window displays fatdots with a grid showing the position of each dot. If the mode is BARE, the window displays fatdots, but without the grid. <[FIG21]>. The size of the fatdot box is controlled by the SETUP/NUMBERS/FATDOT command <[12.4.3]>. The [F]-button and the single keystroke command ALT-F <[14.3.5]> are equivalent to this command.

The SETUP/WINDOW/TOTAL command cycles through three modes governing the display in the active window: OBJ, PAGE and OFF. If the mode is OBJ, the open object is stretched or shrunk to fill the window. If the mode is PAGE, the window displays the whole editing area. In both cases, a square aspect ratio is used. If the mode is OFF, a portion of the open object is displayed according to the position, stretch, and aspect information associated with the window. Setting the total mode to OBJ or PAGE overrides only the position, stretch, and aspect data for the window. The other window properties (FATS, GRID, RULERS, BARS, UPDATE, and VIEW) remain in force. Using any of the following SETUP/WINDOW commands will implicitly turn Total mode OFF: HOME EXPAND CONTRACT ASPECT STRETCHES POSITION OUTLINE DOTBOX INITIALIZE The [T]-button and the single keystroke command ALT-T <[14.3.16]> are equivalent to this command.

The SETUP/WINDOW/ASPECT command changes the aspect mode of the active graphics window. There are three modes: Square, Equal, and Off. When Square aspect is turned on, the Y stretch factor changes to produce square aspect in the active graphics window. When Equal aspect is turned on, the Y stretch factor changes to be equal to the X stretch factor. Subsequently, in each case, if either stretch factor is changed, the other is adjusted to preserve the chosen aspect. If aspect is Off, the stretch factors can be changed independently (see SETUP/WINDOW/STRETCHES <[12.2.13]>). The single keystroke command ALT-A <[14.3.1]> is equivalent to this command.

If you have more than one graphics window displayed, you can use the SETUP/WINDOW/UPDATE command to control which windows are updated first when a change is made to the open object. This multiple choice command toggles between two modes for the active window: 1ST and 2ND. All windows marked UPDATE 1ST are updated before those marked UPDATE 2ND.

SETUP/WINDOW/GRID is a multiple choice command. It enables and disables the display of the snap grid in the active window. There are two modes: SHOW and HIDE. If the mode is HIDE, the snap grid is not displayed. If the mode is SHOW, the snap grid is displayed in the active window as an array of horizontal and vertical dotted lines. However, if the window is highly contracted or the grid interval is very small, the grid dots might be so close together as to interfere with normal display. Whenever this would happen, PEP suppresses grid display even if you have requested GRID SHOW. Note that you can display the snap grid whether or not automatic snapping is enabled. The color used to display the grid indicates the state of automatic snapping. Grid snapping is controlled by the SETUP/SYSTEM/GRID command <[12.3.2]>. The [G]-button and the single keystroke command ALT-G <[14.3.6]> are equivalent to this command.

SETUP/WINDOW/RULERS is a multiple choice command. It controls the display of rulers in the active window. Rulers are displayed along the bottom and right edges of the window inside the scroll bars, if any. There are two modes: OFF and ON. Rulers can be displayed marked in inches or in centimeters. The choice is determined by the SETUP/SYSTEM/RULERS command <[12.3.4]>. The [R]-button and the single keystroke command ALT-R <[14.3.14]> are equivalent to this command.

SETUP/WINDOW/BARS is a multiple choice command. It controls the display of scroll bars in the active window. Scroll bars are displayed along the bottom and right edges of the window. There are two modes: OFF and ON. See <[1.5]> for more information on scroll bars. The [B]-button and the single keystroke command ALT-B <[14.3.2]> are equivalent to this command.

The SETUP/WINDOW/VIEW command toggles among three modes governing the complexity of the display in the active window: NORMAL, PARTIAL and MINIMAL. In NORMAL mode, all picture elements are drawn completely and in full detail, regardless of their size. In PARTIAL mode, some simplification takes place. Below a certain size, objects, filled regions and text strings are displayed schematically. Line dashing is also suppressed. In MINIMAL mode, all objects, regions and text are displayed schematically and dashing is again suppressed. In schematic display, objects and regions are shown as boxes; text strings are shown as I-beams. You can view and change the size threshold for PARTIAL display with the SETUP/NUMBERS/DETAIL command <[12.4.4]>. The PARTIAL and MINIMAL VIEW modes are provided as ways of reducing the clutter in a contracted windows while also improving the display speed. These modes are especially convenient for page view windows. In the default configurations supplied with PEP, the page view windows are in PARTIAL mode. There is an equivalent single keystroke command: ALT-V <[14.3.18]>.

Use SETUP/WINDOW/STRETCHES command to control the magnification applied to the picture in the active window. This is an XY input command that allows you to set either or both the X and Y stretch factors. These numbers may be integers, decimals or fractions. They are restricted to a maximum value of less than 256. When you change a stretch factor, the point displayed in the upper left corner of the window remains fixed.

Use the SETUP/WINDOW/POSITION command to shift the view displayed in the active window. It is an XY input command. The values that you enter determine which point in the displayed object will occupy the upper left corner of the window. If you increase the X value, the window displays a view further to the right in the object. If you increase the Y value, the window view moves down. You can also choose the upper left corner point with the cursor. When you invoke POSITION, a cross-hair cursor is displayed. Move this cursor to the chosen point, which can be in any graphics window, and then press RETURN. The X and Y values of the point you select become the new position coordinates of the active window. The window view shifts so that the chosen point is displayed in the upper left corner of the window. The single keystroke command ALT-U <[14.3.17]> is equivalent to this use of POSITION. For other ways to shift the active window view, see the descriptions of the ALT-L command <[14.3.10]> and the shift-NumPad commands <[14.4.2]> and <[14.4.3]>.

Use the SETUP/WINDOW/OUTLINE command to identify the area of the open object you wish to view in the active window. Press the command letter, position the cross-hair cursor at the upper left corner of the area you want to specify, and press RETURN. The cross-hair is replaced by a stretchable box cursor. Position this box so that it outlines the area you wish to see displayed. When you press RETURN, this chosen area is redisplayed, stretched to fill the active window.

Use the SETUP/WINDOW/DOTBOX command to select an area of the open object to display in fatdots mode in the active window. Specify the area in the manner described under the SETUP/WINDOW/OUTLINE command above. The size of the dots is adjusted so that the area fills the active window.

Use the SETUP/WINDOW/INITIALIZE command to reset the properties of the active graphics window to their default values: FATS OFF TOTAL OFF ASPECT OFF UPDATE 1ST GRID HIDE RULERS NONE BARS NONE VIEW NORMAL STRETCH 1 X 1 POSITION (0,0) The [W]-button and the single keystroke command ALT-W <[14.3.19]> are equivalent to this command except that they do not change the properties: GRID, RULERS, and BARS.

The SETUP/SYSTEM menu contains miscellaneous global parameters that control the operation of PEP.

The SETUP/SYSTEM/STEP command cycles between three modes controlling how far the cursor moves each time a cursor motion key is struck. If step mode is OFF, pressing a cursor motion key moves the cursor one pixel on the screen in the given direction. If the mode is HALF, each cursor motion keystroke moves the cursor by one-half of a step. If the mode is FULL, each keystroke moves the cursor by one full step. The default value is FULL. There is an equivalent single keystroke command: the grey minus key <[14.4.4]>. The number of pixels in one step is set by the SETUP/NUMBERS/STEP-SIZE command <[12.4.1]>. The size of the step can be different in the X and the Y directions.

The SETUP/SYSTEM/GRID command cycles between two modes for automatic grid snapping: OFF and ON. If the mode is ON, elements subsequently inserted or moved will be automatically aligned with the snap grid. If the mode is OFF, automatic snapping is disabled. The default value is OFF. The [S]-button and the single keystroke command ALT-S <[14.3.15]> are equivalent to this command. The horizontal and vertical spacing of the snap grid points can be changed by using the SETUP/NUMBERS/GRID-SPACE command <[12.4.2]>. The grid can be made visible in the active graphics window by using the SETUP/WINDOW/GRID <[12.2.9]> or ALT-G command.

The SETUP/SYSTEM/BELL command toggles between two modes governing the error beep: ON and OFF. If the mode is ON, then, whenever PEP encounters an error, it alerts you by beeping. If the mode is OFF, no beeps are produced on error. The default value is ON.

The SETUP/SYSTEM/RULERS command toggles between two modes governing the display of rulers in graphics windows. If the mode is ENGLISH, rulers are calibrated in inches; if the mode is METRIC, they are calibrated in centimeters. The display of rulers in a window is turned on and off by using the SETUP/WINDOW/RULERS command <[12.2.10]>.

When you insert a text label in PEP, you can either specify a box width for the label (if the BOX mode is FIXED) or have PEP compute one automatically (if the BOX mode is AUTO). See <[11.6]>. When PEP computes the width, it can use either of two methods. The SETUP/SYSTEM/CHARACTERS command controls which method PEP uses. The values are WYSIWYG and NATIVE. In WYSIWYG mode, the box width is set to the actual length of the text assuming unity stretches. In NATIVE mode the box width is larger; it is set to the number of characters times the typesize X value. The difference appears when a picture is displayed with non-unity stretches. WYSIWYG mode text maintains its proportions with respect to the other picture elements when the stretches change. NATIVE mode text changes its proportions, but may yield a better appearance. The default value is WYSIWYG.

The SETUP/SYSTEM/HOT-SCROLL command toggles between two modes governing the behavior of scroll bars. If HOT-SCROLL is ENABLED, whenever a scroll bar slider is moved, the window contents are immediately redisplayed appropriately shifted. By clicking once on the slider, and simply moving the mouse, it is possible to browse over the entire range of motion before clicking a second time to fix the slider and window display in their new positions. In a graphic window, with separate scroll bars for horizontal and vertical motion, you can switch from one bar to another while browsing by pressing the SPACE bar or middle mouse button. In this way, you can easily scan the entire displayed object to select a new window position. If HOT-SCROLL is DISABLED, the window is not redisplayed until the slider is fixed in its new position by the second mouse click. See <[1.5]> for more information on scroll bars.

Each command in the SETUP/NUMBERS menu is associated with a pair of numerical values, an X value and a Y value. In each case, the command allows you to set either or both numbers in the pair. For more information on your options when using these commands, see the section on XY input commands <[1.9.5]>.

The SETUP/NUMBERS/STEP-SIZE command governs the cursor motion step size; i.e., the number of pixels that the cursor moves when an arrow key is pressed. The X value represents the horizontal step size; the Y value gives the vertical step size. The numbers you enter determine the size of a full step. Cursor motion can be switched to half step and single pixel modes by using either the SETUP/SYSTEM/STEP command <[12.3.1]> or the equivalent single keystroke command, the grey minus key <[14.4.4]>.

The SETUP/NUMBERS/GRID-SPACE command governs the spacing of points in the snap grid. The X value represents the horizontal spacing, the Y value gives the vertical spacing. Automatic snapping to this grid can be enabled by using either the SETUP/SYSTEM/GRID command <[12.3.2]> or the equivalent single keystroke command, ALT-S. To make the grid visible in the active window use either the SETUP/WINDOW/GRID <[12.2.9]> or the ALT-G command.

The SETUP/NUMBERS/FATDOT command governs the size in pixels of each dot in a fatdots display evoked by a subsequent SETUP/WINDOW/FATS command <[12.2.5]> or the equivalent single keystroke command, ALT-F. The X value represents the width of each fatdot box; the Y value gives the height.

When the view mode of a graphics window is PARTIAL, elements that are sufficiently small are displayed is a simplified form. Use the SETUP/NUMBERS/DETAIL command to set the threshold that determines which elements are small enough to be simplified. The X value represents the horizontal size limit; the Y value gives the vertical limit. An element that is smaller than the threshold value in either direction will be simplified in a partial view window. To control the view mode of the active window use either the SETUP/WINDOW/VIEW command <12.2.12]> or the equivalent single keystroke command, ALT-V.

Whenever you enter a coordinate using an XY input command, you can optionally enter the value in physical units: inches, centimeters, or points. See <[1.9.5]>. These physical units are then converted into PDL object coordinates and are displayed in that form in the menu. The SETUP/NUMBERS/INCH command toggles between two modes for mapping physical units into PDL coordinates: PRINT and USER. If the mode is PRINT, the current printer densities determine the number of dots per inch in each direction. If the mode is USER, the dots per inch data can be set explicitly to whatever values you choose. The default mode is PRINT. When USER mode is turned on, the INCH command becomes an XY input command to enable you to set the X and Y densities desired. When PRINT mode is on, changing the printer settings may result in an automatic change in the mapping of physical units into PDL coordinates. However, it is only subsequent conversions from physical units to coordinates that are affected. Coordinates once entered continue to have their given value and are not altered by subsequent changes in the number of dots per inch.

In its PDL files, PEP designates fonts and patterns by a logical font or pattern number. The commands in the SETUP/INSTALL menu, control the assignment of actual fonts and patterns to these numbers. Note: INSTALL commands cannot be executed while printing is in progress.

These commands allow you to assign a font file to each of the logical font numbers occurring in a picture. For example, press 0 to display a name menu of all files with extension FON in the home directory (see the section on name menus <[1.9.1]>). By choosing one of these, you establish the identity of Font 0 in all subsequent drawing.

The SETUP/INSTALL/PATTERNS command displays a name menu of all files in the home directory with the extension PAT. Each file contains a set of patterns. By choosing one, you assign a fill pattern to each pattern number (0 to 15) that may occur in a picture definition.

PEP commands, such as FILE/SAVE <[8.3]> or OBJECT/IMPORT <[7.8]>, that read or write data files always operate in a particular directory, called the current directory. The default is the directory that was active in DOS when PEP was loaded. However, data files that you create can be stored in any directory; you can use the commands in the SETUP/DIRECTORY menu to change the current directory by specifying a current device and a current path. The current directory is used for reading and writing data files only. PEP components, including fonts, pattern files, add-ons, and configuration files, must all be in the home directory, the directory from which PEP itself was loaded.

SETUP/DIRECTORY/DRIVE is a multiple choice command. It allows you to set the current device. The choices are: blank, A:, B:, C:, D:, and E:. If the choice is blank, then the current device is the default device, the device that was active in DOS when PEP was loaded.

Use the SETUP/DIRECTORY/PATH command to specify a path relative to the default directory in the current device. The path is typed in standard DOS format (a sequence of directory names separated by backslashes). Each directory name is echoed in a separate menu entry. Add-ons are special purpose PEP components that are not copied from your disk into your computer's memory when you first load PEP. Instead, in order to maximize available memory and reduce loading time, these modules remain on disk until you use them the first time. When you invoke the ADD-ONS command, it displays a menu of the names of all files in the home directory with the extension ADD. Choose a name from this menu to load the corresponding add-on into PEP. The add-on will then be activiated and the appropriate add-on menu will be displayed. There are five add-ons supplied with PEP: The PCX add-on <[13.1]> exports pictures to bitmap files in the PCX format. The TEXT add-on <[13.2]> imports ASCII text files into boxes with word wrap. The FRAME add-on <[13.3]> generates decorative borders by replicating objects. The GRID add-on <[13.4]> facilitates inserting grids of horizontal and vertical lines. The PIC add-on <[13.5]> reads a 123/SYMPHONY graph file which becomes the open object.

Use the PCX add-on to output (or export) a picture of the open object to a file in the PCX format. Pictures in PCX files are accepted by many word processors and publishing programs. By using the PCX add-on, you will be able to incorporate pictures drawn in PEP, into documents produced by any of these compatible packages. When running the PCX add-on, first use the ROTATION, STRETCHES, IMAGE, WINDOW, and COLORS commands, if necessary, to define the properties of the image that you want to produce. Then use the OUTPUT command to enter a file name, and output a PCX image to that file.

After you have specified the image that you want to export using the ROTATION, STRETCHES, IMAGE, WINDOW, and COLORS commands described below, use the ADD-ONS/PCX/OUTPUT command to create a bitmap image according to these specifications, and to output it to a file. Type the command letter, and then enter a file name. A file is created with that name, and a bitmap image is written to the file in the PCX format. The file is given the extension PCX.

Use the ADD-ONS/PCX/ROTATION command to export a rotated picture of the open object. Press the command letter to display a menu of the eight rotation options: 0, 90, 180, 270 (degrees clockwise), \, -, /, | (mirror images).

Use the ADD-ONS/PCX/STRETCHES command to control the magnification applied to the open object when it is being written to the output file. This XY input command allows you to set either or both of the X and Y stretch factors. These numbers may be integers, decimals or fractions. The maximum stretch is 255. Note: the stretch factors are overridden when an output image size has been requested. A side effect of executing the STRETCHES command is to turn the image size override off.

Using the ADD-ONS/PCX/IMAGE command, you can explicitly set the number of pixels wide and the number of pixels high that the exported PCX picture will be. There are two modes: ON and OFF. If the mode is ON, the output image is forced to be a specified size. When the open object is exported, PEP will ignore the stretch factors displayed in the PCX menu and calculate new ones. The new stretches are chosen so that the exported picture will have the required size. If the mode is OFF, the output image size is determined by the stretches and the size of the open object. The IMAGE command toggles the image mode between ON and OFF. When you turn IMAGE ON, the command becomes an XY input command so that you can set the horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) image size that you want PEP to produce. Note: executing the STRETCHES command described above automatically turns the image mode OFF.

If you do not want to export the entire open object, you can use the ADD-ONS/PCX/WINDOW command to specify a rectangular sub-window which can then be exported. There are two windowing modes: OFF and ON. Press the command letter to toggle between these modes. The boundary of the window is given by four coordinates which appear in two sets of XY input lines under the command name in the menu. You can type in these numbers, using WINDOW as an XY input command. Or you can specify the window graphically using the cursor. Proceed as follows: press the command letter to turn windowing ON. Then position the cross-hair cursor at one corner of the desired window and press RETURN. The cross-hair is replaced by a stretchable box cursor. Position the mobile corner of that cursor at the opposite corner of the desired window and press RETURN again. The area outlined by the box cursor becomes the exported sub-window.

PEP can export either color PCX files or black and white PCX files. The ADD-ONS/PCX/COLORS command controls which type of file is produced. If the colors mode is OFF, black and white images are exported. Picture elements in background color are drawn white, and elements in any other color are drawn black. This is the default setting. If the mode is ON, then each element is drawn in its true color. Note that a black and white PCX file is substantially smaller than the coresponding color PCX file. This is so even if the picture being exported contains only black and white data.

The TEXT add-on can be used to import text into boxes in the open object with word wrap and to import text from a file into multiple objects. Use the FILE command to identify the source text file and the BOX-SIZE command to specify the size of box to receive the text. When the source file has been specified, a cross-hair cursor appears. Position this cursor at the upper left corner of the area you want to fill and press RETURN. Text from the file is imported and flows into a box of the specified size at the chosen point. If you prefer, you can change the cross-hair cursor into a box cursor of the appropriate size by pressing SPACE. If the source file contains more text, you can move the cursor and press RETURN again to continue the import at another point. If you leave the add-on to close the open object, the source text file remains open and you can continue the text import into a new object. The text box inserted is a GROUP. It acts as a single element for DELETE, MODIFY, and COLLECT operations. If you want to operate individually on the text lines that compose the box, you must first use the MODIFY/EXPLODE <[4.23]> command to ungroup it.

Use the ADD-ONS/TEXT/FILE command to specify the source text file. Press the command letter to display a menu of all files in the current directory with the extension TXT (or other extension set by the ADD-ONS/TEXT/EXT command below). Choose one to be the source for text import.

The ADD-ONS/TEXT/EXT command allows you to specify the file extension used by the ADD-ONS/TEXT/FILE command described above.

Use the ADD-ONS/TEXT/BOX-SIZE command to set the width and depth of the box into which text will flow. This is an XY input command.

The ADD-ONS/TEXT/MODIFY command automatically selects the most recently created box of imported text and displays a MODIFY menu for it. You can now change as many of the properties of this element as you want. Since text boxes produced by this add-on are PDL groups, the modify menu appropriate for groups is displayed, although some commands (for example, FILL) are not relevant in this context. (See Chapter <[4]> for a description of each of the commands available in the different MODIFY menus.)

Using the FRAME add-on, you can create decorative borders and repeating wallpaper patterns. You can control the size and position of these elements, and, by nesting, you can control the thickness and complexity of the borders produced. The FRAME add-on generates its output by replicating objects in a rectangular pattern. It creates borders by replicating along the edge of this rectangle, and wallpaper patterns by filling it. One such rectangle is called a frame. Each frame produced by this add-on is a GROUP. It acts as a single element for DELETE, MODIFY, and COLLECT operations. If you want to operate on the individual objects that compose the frame, you must first use the MODIFY/EXPLODE <[4.23]> command to ungroup it. At a minimum, to create a frame, you would first use the BOUNDARY command to define the bounding rectangle. Then you would use the FILE and OBJECT commands to select an object for replication. The frame is actually created when you use the OBJECT command.

Use the ADD-ONS/FRAME/FILE command to identify the source file for the objects from which the frame is to be constructed. Press the command letter to display a name menu of all files in the source directory with the extension PDL and choose a source file from this menu. The source directory may be either the current PEP directory or the PEP home directory. The choice is determined by the ADD-ONS/FRAME/DIRECTORY command below. Collections of objects specifically designed for creating frames have been included with PEP. These are the files FRAMEx.PDL. Of course, you can also use objects from any other files to construct frames including objects that you have created yourself. However, note that new objects must first be saved to a file on disk before they can be accessed by the FRAME add-on.

Use the ADD-ONS/FRAME/OBJECT command to select an object from the source file and replicate it to produce the desired frame. If an object with that name is already present in the loaded PDL file, that object is used to construct the frame. Otherwise, the object you choose is first imported from the source file, and then used to build the frame. If a border is being constructed, once an object has been specified, FRAME checks the source file for a companion object to use at the corners of the frame. By convention, the name of the companion object is the tilde character (~) followed by the original object name. If no companion object is found, the original object is used for both the edges and the corners of the frame. If a wallpaper pattern is being constructed, only the user specified object is used to construct the pattern. The companion object, if it exists, is ignored. Again, if a border is being constructed, you can use the OBJECT command a second time if you want to construct another frame immediately inside the one just created. This new frame is nested within the old one. Any number of frames may be so nested to create a border of arbitrary thickness and complexity. The border shown in <[FIG19]> is made up of three nested frames. To construct a new frame which is not nested, simply use the BOUNDARY command described below to define a new position for the next constructed frame.

By default frames are constructed from unstretched objects. Use the ADD-ONS/FRAME/STRETCH command if you want to use an object stretched to a size bigger or smaller than its native size. Press the command letter, and then type in the desired stretch factor as an integer, fraction, or decimal (e.g. 3, 7/4, or 1.75). This magnification will be applied, both horizontally and vertically, to the component objects used in subsequently constructed frames.

Use the ADD-ONS/FRAME/BOUNDARY command to define the size and position of the frame to be created. Press the command letter, position the stretchable box cursor, and press RETURN. The next created frame is constructed inside the box so defined. Alternatively, the four coordinates defining the box can be typed directly into the two XY coordinate pairs following the BOUNDARY command menu item.

The ADD-ONS/FRAME/WALLPAPER command toggles between two modes that determine the type of frame produced. If WALLPAPER is ENABLED, then a repeating wallpaper pattern will be produced. The bounding rectangle will be filled with replicated copies of the chosen object. If WALLPAPER is DISABLED (the default choice), then a border is produced. The chosen object is replicated along the edge of the bounding box with its companion object, if there is one, positioned at the corners.

The ADD-ONS/FRAME/INITIALIZE command restores three of the settings of the FRAME add-on to their default values. The STRETCH parameter is restored to unity, the BOUNDARY box is set to the entire edit area, and WALLPAPER mode is DISABLED.

Use the ADD-ONS/FRAME/DIRECTORY command to select the directory containing the source files for frame objects. This is a multiple choice command. The choices are: HOME (source files are located in the PEP home directory) and CURRENT (source files are located in the current directory). You may want to construct frames with objects from either the PEP standard libraries or libraries of your own creation. This command provides a rapid method of switching between the relevant directories. The current directory can be changed by using the SETUP/DIRECTORY menu <[12.6]>.

Use the ADD-ONS/FRAME/REPLACE command to replace the most recently created frame with another. Press the command letter to enable replacing, then use the OBJECT command above to construct a new frame which then replaces the old one.

The GRID add-on can be used to insert grids of horizontal and vertical lines into the open object. First use the NUMBER command to specify how many rows and columns you want and use the UNITS command to specify the width and height of a grid cell. Then position the cross-hair cursor and press RETURN. A grid of horizontal and vertical lines is inserted with its upper left corner placed at the cursor position. If you prefer, you can change the cross-hair cursor into a box cursor of the appropriate size by pressing SPACE. The grid is a GROUP. It acts as a single element for DELETE, MODIFY, and COLLECT operations. If you want to operate individually on the horizontal and vertical lines that compose the grid, you must first use the MODIFY/EXPLODE <[4.23]> command to ungroup it.

The ADD-ONS/GRID/NUMBER command is an XY input command. Use it to set the number of grid spaces required horizontally and vertically. X equals the number of columns in the grid, and Y equals the number of rows.

The ADD-ONS/GRID/UNIT-SIZE command is an XY input command. Use it to set the grid line spacing horizontally and vertically. X equals the width of one grid cell, and Y equals the height

The ADD-ONS/GRID/MODIFY command automatically selects the most recently created grid and displays a MODIFY menu for it. You can now change as many of the properties of this element as you want. Since the grids produced by this add-on are PDL groups, the modify menu appropriate for groups is displayed, although some commands (for example, TEXT/FONT) are not relevant in this context. (See Chapter <[4]> for a description of each of the commands available in the different MODIFY menus.)

Use the PIC add-on to import PIC format graph files created by Lotus 1-2-3 and Symphony. The registered version of PEP includes a special font file, LICS.FON, that supports the Lotus International Character Set. LICS.FON is similar in appearance to BORIC.FON, but the bold and italic characters have been replaced by the extended characters of the LICS set. If an imported PIC graph file contains international characters, you can display these in PEP by installing the LICS font as PEP font 0 or 1. (See SETUP/INSTALL/0-FONT <[12.5.1]>). Normally, the first title in a PIC graph uses font 0, and all other text uses font 1. Note: the LICS font is not part of the shareware PEP package.

The ADD-ONS/PIC/LOAD command displays a name menu of all the files in the current directory with the extension PIC. Use it to choose the PIC file you wish to import. The imported PIC data becomes the open object. The former contents of the open object are lost.

Use the ADD-ONS/PIC/SIZE command to control the size of the imported PIC file images. You may set a size explicitly, or import the file in its native size.

When you import a PIC file, you can optionally convert solid fill regions into pattern fill. This feature is useful for adapting color PIC files for black and white printing. The ADD-ONS/PIC/PATTERNS command is a multiple choice command with two values: ENABLED and DISABLED. Press the command letter to toggle between these two choices. If PATTERNS are ENABLED (the default choice), then solid regions in the PIC data are automatically converted to pattern fill. The pattern used is determined by the color of the region. This chapter describes the single keystroke commands. Generally, these commands can be executed at any time regardless of your position in the menu hierarchy. They are invoked by pressing a function key, a combination of ALT plus a function key, or a combination of ALT plus a letter key. Many of these commands can also be executed within the command menu hierarchy.

If the menu window is not sufficiently large to display the entire current menu, it displays a portion of the menu. The displayed portion is called a menu page. Use these commands to move from one menu page to another. The menu windows in PEP's default screen configurations are large enough to contain most menus in a single page. Therefore, unless you make the menu window smaller, you will seldom have reason to use these function keys. One exception is the case of name menus such as the menu of all PDL files in the current directory, or the menu of all objects in the current PDL file. These may sometimes be too large to fit in a single menu page. When examining these lists, you may want to use the menu page commands. F5 = Menu Page Up. The previous menu page is displayed. If the current page is the first, the last menu page is displayed. F6 = Menu Page Down. The following menu page is displayed. If the current page is the last, the first menu page is displayed. ALT-F5 = Menu Page Home. The first menu page is displayed. ALT-F6 = Menu Page End. The last menu page is displayed.

Pressing F1 at any time activates the HELP system, which gives you on-line access to the entire text of the PEP manual. The portion of the manual which appears is indexed to the current menu and the current operation. If you highlight a menu command with the cursor and press F1, you can obtain information about that command. The HELP system is fully described in Chapter <[15]>. The HELP system can also be invoked by pressing the [?]-button.

Press F2 to temporarily change the display in the menu window from the current menu to a report of status information. Press F2 a second time to restore the display of the current menu in the menu window. The contents of the status display include: the cursor location in the open object (in object coordinates and in inches); the size of the pools of free, erasable, and busy memory (in bytes); the size of the largest available free memory block; and the sizes of the loaded picture file and the open object (also in bytes). Unsaved changes in the open object are indicated by an asterisk in the object (size) menu item. Other unsaved changes are indicated by an asterisk in the file (size) menu item.

Press F3 to temporarily change the display in the menu window to a list of single keystroke commands. The first time you press F3, the normal command menu is replaced with a list of function key commands. Press F3 again, and a list of the ALT-function key commands appears. Press F3 a third time to display a list of ALT-letter commands. Press F3 once again to return to the normal command menu. During this sequence, any command which changes the normal menu restores the menu window to normal display.

The PEP configuration file capability can be used to create a slide show if pauses are inserted via the ALT-H command <[14.3.7]> among the other PEP commands in the configuration file. (See <[16.9]>.) When PEP is pausing during execution of a slide show, you can press F4 to terminate the slide show and immediately exit from PEP. Under any other circumstances, F4 is treated as an invalid keystroke.

Press F7 to replace the cursor with a wide cross-hair cursor extending across the cursor's range. Press F7 again to restore the cursor to its original form. Wide cursors can be used during insertion and modification to facilitate alignment of elements. If rulers are displayed, a wide cursor is useful for reading the coordinates of a point from the rulers. Also, in cluttered screens, the wide cursor is easier to locate visually.

Pressing F8 moves the cursor to the nearest point on the snap grid. This command never moves the cursor out of its window. (It is only valid if the cursor is in a graphics window.) The snap grid interval can set by using the SETUP/NUMBERS/GRID-SPACE command <[12.4.2]>. The grid can be made visible in the active window by using the SETUP/WINDOW/GRID command <[12.2.9]>.

Pressing F9 moves the cursor to the home position. The cursor is placed in the active window and positioned at the upper left corner of the open object, at coordinates (0,0). If necessary, the active window is homed, so that it contains the target cursor position.

Use the super-escape key, F10, to return in a single step from the current menu to main PEP menu. This command is equivalent to pressing the escape key again and again until you reach the top level menu.

If you press ALT-F3 at any time, the entire PEP screen display will be erased and redrawn.

If the text window is too small to contain the entire prompt or error message, you can use this command to display successive portions of the text. If the end of the message is currently displayed, this command causes the beginning of the message to be displayed. Note: the text window in PEP's default layout is large enough to display all prompts and error messages. Unless you change the default screen layout to make this window smaller, you will seldom have reason to use this command. We recommend that the text window be left large enough to display all prompts and error messages.

This command is available only when you are inserting or editing a text label. (See <[2.7]> and <[4.4]>.) It causes an escape character to be inserted into the text string. The effect of this escape character is to change the style of the following character by using a different font subset (for example, the italic subset) for that one character. Font subsets are numbered 0 through 9, and A through F. Press ALT-F7 to display a menu of font style subsets, and then type a digit (0 through 9), or a letter (A through F) to insert the corresponding escape character. The following character in the text string will then be drawn in the style of the subset that you have selected. More information about font style subsets is given in the section below on the ALT-F8 command.

This command is available only when you are inserting or editing a text label. (See <[2.7]> and <[4.4]>.) It causes an escape character to be inserted into the text string. The effect of this escape character is to change the style of the following text by using a different font subset (for example, the italic subset) for displaying subsequent characters. The new style remains in effect from the escape code to the end of the text label or until another ALT-F8 escape character is encountered. The escape characters themselves are not visible. Font subsets are numbered 0 through 9, and A through F. Press ALT-F8 to display a menu of font style subsets, and then type a digit (0 through 9), or a letter (A through F) to insert the corresponding escape character. The following characters in the text string will be drawn in the style of the subset that you have selected. For example, the bold style corresponds to font subset 2. If you are typing in a text label, to start using bold characters you would press ALT-F8 and then 2; to stop using bold characters and return to the normal style you would press ALT-F8 and then 0. The styles corresponding to each of the various font subsets are given below: SUBSET 0 NORMAL SUBSET 1 ITALIC SUBSET 2 BOLD SUBSET 3 BOLD ITALIC SUBSET 4 LIGHT SUBSET 5 LIGHT ITALIC SUBSET 6 EXTRA BOLD SUBSET 7 EXTRA BOLD ITALIC SUBSETS 8-F (undefined styles) Note, however, that a given font may not have all of these styles. PEP allows you to request a font subset that is not available in the current font. In this case, PEP inserts the correct escape code, but prints and displays using subset 0, the normal style, instead. If you later change the font to one having the requested style, the label will then be drawn correctly in the new font. <[FIG14]> shows which styles are available in each of the PEP fonts. Note that styles 7 through F are not defined in any of the current fonts. Note also that the italic and bold subsets of the LICS font contain special international characters, but these are in the normal style.

This command is available only when you are inserting or editing a text label. (See <[2.7]> and <[4.4]>.) It causes an escape character to be inserted into the text string. The effect of this escape character is to change the color of the following text. The new color remains in effect from the escape code to the end of the text label or until another ALT-F9 escape character is encountered. The escape characters themselves are not visible. The 16 available colors are numbered 0 through 9, and A through F. Press ALT-F9 to display a menu of these colors, and then type a digit (0 through 9), or a letter (A through F) to insert the corresponding escape character. The following characters in the text string will then appear in the selected color.

Most of these commands have equivalents in the SETUP/WINDOW <[12.2]>, SETUP/SYSTEM <[12.3]>, and SETUP/NUMBERS <[12.4]> menus. Additional information can be found by consulting the section on the equivalent menu command.

This command changes the aspect correction in the active graphics window. It is equivalent to SETUP/WINDOW/ASPECT. For more information see <[12.2.7]>.

This command controls the display of scroll bars in the active window. It is equivalent to SETUP/WINDOW/BARS or pressing the [B]-button. For more information see <[12.2.11]>.

This command contracts the active graphics window. It is equivalent to SETUP/WINDOW/CONTRACT or pressing the [C]-button. For more information see <[12.2.4]>.

This command expands the active graphics window. It is equivalent to SETUP/WINDOW/EXPAND or pressing the [E]-button. For more information see <[12.2.3]>.

This command changes the fatdots mode of the active graphics window. It is equivalent to SETUP/WINDOW/FATS or pressing the [F]-button. For more information see <[12.2.5]>.

Use this command to show or hide the snap grid in the active graphics window. It is equivalent to SETUP/WINDOW/GRID or pressing the [G]-button. For more information see <[12.2.9]>.

Use this command to insert a delay in a FIG file. When a delay is encountered during FIG file execution, PEP will stop reading from the FIG file and prompt the user to strike a key on the keyboard. While waiting for the user's keystroke, PEP will continue any uncompleted drawing on the screen. With the HESITATE command, you can use PEP's MAKEFIG capability to create automated slide shows. For example, the FIG file could contain a sequence of OBJECT/OPEN commands <[7.1]>, with a HESITATE after each one. This command is available only while you are creating a FIG file. (See the discussion of the QUIT/MAKEFIG command in <[9.3]> and the section on slide shows <[16.9]>.)

Use this command to reset the stretch factors of the active graphics window to their default values (X=1, Y=1). It is equivalent to pressing the [I]-button. This command restores unity magnification without changing the ruler display, grid display, fat dots mode, or other window properties.

The ALT-J and ALT-M commands are used in combination to remember a location and to return to it later. When you press ALT-J, the object coordinates of the current cursor position are saved. Anytime thereafter, if you press ALT-M, PEP will move the cursor into the active window and position it at the saved coordinates, in other words, at the location of the cursor when the last ALT-J command was invoked. The active window is repositioned if necessary.

This command moves the view in the active window. It chooses the new position so that the center of the window displays the point that was occupied by the cursor at the moment the ALT-L command was invoked. Note that the cursor could be in a different window. Only the active window display is changed. The cursor itself is not moved.

Use this command in combination with the ALT-J command (set cursor jump position) described above. ALT-J remembers the cursor position and ALT-M returns to it. When you press ALT-M, the cursor is moved into the active window and positioned at the object coordinates saved by the last ALT-J command. (The cursor is moved to object coordinate (0,0) if no previous ALT-J command occurred.) If necessary, the active window is repositioned so that the target cursor location is displayed within it.

This command selects a new active graphics window. It is equivalent to SETUP/WINDOW/NEXT or pressing the [N]-button. For more information see <[12.2.1]>.

This command aborts all printing. There is no confirmation. It is equivalent to PRINT/KILL/YES. For more information see <[6.2]>.

This command controls the display of rulers in the active window. It is equivalent to SETUP/WINDOW/RULERS or pressing the [R]-button. For more information see <[12.2.10]>.

Use this command to enable or disable automatic grid snapping. It is equivalent to SETUP/SYSTEM/GRID or pressing the [S]-button. For more information see <[12.3.2]>.

This command controls total display mode in the active graphics window. It is equivalent to SETUP/WINDOW/TOTAL or pressing the [T]-button. For more information see <[12.2.6]>.

This command moves the view in the active window. It chooses the new position so that the upper left corner of the window displays the point that was occupied by the cursor at the moment the ALT-U command was invoked. Note that the cursor could be in a different window. Only the active window display is changed. The cursor itself is not moved. ALT-U is the same as the menu command SETUP/WINDOW/POSITION <[12.2.14]>.

This command controls the view mode of the active graphics window. It is equivalent to SETUP/WINDOW/VIEW. For more information see <[12.2.12]>.

Use this command to reset all window parameters to their default values, with the exception of GRID, RULERS, and BARS. If grids, rulers, or scroll bars are displayed in the window, they will continue to be displayed. All other window properties are reset. This command is equivalent to pressing the [W]-button. For more information see SETUP/WINDOW/INITIALIZE <[12.2.17]>.

If you are creating a configuration file, use this command to terminate the file, and save it under the name that you designated when invoking the QUIT/MAKEFIG command. If you are not creating a configuration file, this command is invalid. See <[9.3]> for a description of the QUIT/MAKEFIG command.

The NumPad arrow keys move the cursor in the direction of the arrow. The corner keys (Home, PgUp, PgDn, and End) move the cursor diagonally (up-left, up-right, down-right, and down-left respectively). The distance the cursor moves is determined by the step mode and the step size. To change the step mode, use the SETUP/SYSTEM/STEP command <[12.3.1]> (or grey minus key <[14.4.4]>). To change the step size, use the SETUP/NUMBERS/STEP-SIZE command <[12.4.1]>. <[FIG08]>.

Holding down a shift key while pressing an arrow key moves the active window view by one half of the window size in the direction of the arrow. Thus pressing shift-rightarrow moves the window view to the right (picture elements appear to move to the left). The window motion is limited by the size of the editing area (see the OBJECT/LIMIT command <[7.4]>). <[FIG30]>.

Holding down a shift key while pressing the Home key causes the active window to be re-positioned at the extreme upper left corner of the editing area. Similarly, shift-PgUp moves the active window to the upper right corner of the editing area. Shift-PgDn and Shift-End move to the lower right and lower left corners respectively. <[FIG31]>.

This command cycles between three modes controlling how far the cursor moves each time a cursor motion key is struck. If step mode is OFF, pressing a cursor motion key moves the cursor one pixel on the screen in the given direction. If the mode is HALF, each cursor motion keystroke moves the cursor by one-half of a step. If the mode is FULL, each keystroke moves the cursor by one full step. The number of pixels in one step is set by the SETUP/NUMBERS/STEP-SIZE command <[12.4.1]>. The size of the step can be different in the X and the Y directions. The grey minus key is equivalent to SETUP/SYSTEM/STEP <[12.3.1]>.

This key enables and disables automatic cursor motion. Press the Grey-plus key followed by a cursor motion key to start the cursor moving in the direction indicated at a constant rate. Press the same cursor motion key again to accelerate the motion. Press a different cursor motion key to change the direction. Press the Grey-plus key again to stop the motion.

When the cursor is a stretchable box, only one of the four corners of the box is mobile at any given time. You can see which corner is mobile by the small solid box which is displayed in that corner. The grey star key changes the mobile corner of the box to the next corner counterclockwise. This key is invalid unless a stretchable box cursor is displayed. Note: you can also use SPACE to change the mobile corner. <[FIG13]>. The entire PEP manual is available for on-line viewing via PEP's indexed HELP system. At any time, when you are using PEP, you can press F1 (or click on the [?]-button) to activate HELP. A new screen layout is then created containing four windows: a prompt window, a menu window, a graphic window and a document window. The document window displays a portion of the PEP manual text. If there is an illustration accompanying the displayed text, it will appear in the graphic window. See <[FIG29]>. The HELP system is context sensitive. The portion of the document initially displayed depends on the state of PEP when HELP is invoked. PEP attempts to display the portion of the document relevant to your current operation. PEP's choice depends on the current menu being displayed and on the last command executed. In addition, if you want information about a particular command, you can use the cursor to highlight that command and then press F1. By pressing F1 while you are in HELP, you can display documentation on the HELP system itself. In other words, you will display this chapter of the manual. While the HELP system is active, the NumPad keys on the keyboard are detached from the cursor. (The cursor can only be moved via the mouse). Instead the NumPad keys control the text displayed in the document window. The up arrow (or left arrow) moves the displayed text backwards one line. The down arrow (or right arrow) moves the displayed text forward one line. PGUP and PGDN move the text display backwards or forwards one page. HOME and END position the text at the start and end of the current chapter, respectively. When the discussion at one place in the document refers to information located in a different section, there will often be a cross-reference mark in the HELP display at that place. This mark consists of a section number in square brackets, and is always highlighted. If you have a mouse, you can access the referenced section by positioning the cursor on the cross-reference mark and pressing the left mouse button. This is called clicking on the reference. If you do not have a mouse, you can use the GOTO command <[15.8]> to display the new section. Illustrations appear in the document text as figure references. These are highlighted strings of the form "FIGxx" appearing in square brackets, where "xx" is the figure number. (The figures are objects in the file DOCFIGS.PDL.) You can click on a figure reference to display that figure temporarily in the document window, pressing ESC when you want to restore the normal document display. The same operation can be performed with the ZOOM command <[15.9]>.

The UP command moves the document display backwards to display the previous page of document text. The same function can be invoked by pressing the page up key, PGUP. This command only moves within the currently displayed chapter. To move to another chapter use the GOTO command <[15.8]>.

The TOP command moves the document display to the top of the current chapter. The same function can be invoked by pressing the HOME key.

The DOWN command moves the document display forwards to display the following page of document text. The same function can be invoked by pressing the page down key, PGDN. This command only moves within the currently displayed chapter. To move to another chapter use the GOTO command <[15.8]>.

The BOTTOM command moves the document display to the bottom of the current chapter. The same function can be invoked by pressing the END key.

The CONTENTS command displays the table of contents of the PEP manual. There is one entry for each section of the manual. Each entry includes the section number and the section title. The HELP system treats the table of contents like any other chapter of the document. All of the HELP commands (UP, DOWN, SEARCH, REPEAT, etc.) are equally applicable to the table of contents. When you have located the section that you wish to consult, simply click on its section number in the table of contents to go to that section of the document. You can also use the GOTO command <[15.8]> to display that section.

With the SEARCH command you can search the current chapter (or table of contents) for the first occurrence of a given word. The search begins at the top of the current chapter. The search ignores the distinction between upper and lower case; either case of a letter counts as a match for that letter. If you want to find additional occurrences of the same word use the REPEAT command described below. To operate the SEARCH command press the command letter, type in the word you want to search for and press RETURN. PEP will locate the first occurrence of the string you typed, and will display it highlighted in the document window. The SEARCH command is particularly useful for searching the table of contents to find the sections referring to a particular topic. See the CONTENTS command described above.

After you have used the SEARCH command to find the first occurrence of a given word, you can use the REPEAT command to find subsequent occurrences of the same word within the current chapter. Press the command letter to locate the second occurrence. Continue pressing the command letter to find the third and subsequent occurrences.

To display a particular chapter or section in the document window use the GOTO command. Press the command letter, then type in the desired section number and press RETURN. The designated section will be displayed in the document window. Section numbers consist of one, two, or three numbers separated by periods. For example, 10, 10.6, and 10.6.3 are possible sections numbers. The first number is the chapter number; the second is the section number and the third the sub-section number. To find the section number of the section that you want to consult, use the CONTENTS command <[15.5]> to display the table of contents of the manual.

The ZOOM command temporarily replaces the document window display with a magnified copy of the illustration displayed in the graphics window. Press the command letter a second time (or press ESC) to restore the document text display. In designing PEP, we have put a great deal of emphasis on flexibility. We have tried as much as possible to divide PEP's functionality into elementary features that you can control independently and combine to accomplish a wide variety of drawing goals. We have tried not to prejudge what your drawing tasks might be, or limit how you might combine PEP's features to accomplish them. But this flexibility carries a cost with it. Sometimes, to accomplish a simple thing it is necessary to change several settings, and the best approach to a given problem is often not obvious at first. In the preceding chapters, we have discussed, one by one, the individual functions that PEP offers. Here we give a few examples of how to use these features, especially in combination, to solve particular problems.

In PEP, centered text is positioned between the left edge (L) and the right edge (R) of the text label box. If you want to produce centered text, first determine the coordinates L and R that you want to center the text between. Insert the text label at the left edge coordinate L. Then, in the MODIFY menu, change the following three properties of the text label. Use the JUSTIFY command <[4.13]> to set the justification to CENTER. Use the BOX command <[4.15]> to set the box mode to FIXED. Finally, use the WIDTH command <[4.16]> set the box width to (R - L), the distance between the left and right edges that you have chosen. <[FIG11]>. If you are inserting several centered labels, you may want to start by setting the justification, box mode, and width in the G-DEFAULTS menu <[10]>. Then you do not to have to modify each text label individually. The use of the words "left" and "right" above assumes that the text is not rotated, but the same principles apply to centering text in any rotation.

Copying material within an object is easy: just use MODIFY/DUPLICATE <[4.2]>. If you are copying several elements, you may want to first use the COLLECT menu <[5]> to group the elements together, rather than copying each element individually. To copy material from one object to another, you need to know a trick. If you want to copy from object A to object B, first use OBJECT/OPEN <[7.1]> to display object A. Then delete the material you want to copy. (If you are copying many elements, you may want to use COLLECT/DELETE <[5.9]> to do this.) Next, open object B for editing, without closing object A. Use UN-DELETE <[3.1]> to insert the deleted material into object B. Because you did not save your changes to object A, this material is now present in both objects. The un-deleted material occupies the same position in object B that it occupies in object A. Use MODIFY/MOVE <[4.1]> if you need to reposition it. If objects A and B are not in the same file, proceed as follows. First, use FILE/LOAD <[8.2]> to load the file containing object B. Then use OBJECT/IMPORT <[7.8]> to copy object A into that file. Now that both objects are in the loaded file, you can use the trick described above to copy the material from A into B. Finally, use OBJECT/ELIMINATE <[7.6]> to remove, from the loaded file, the definition of object A, which you no longer need.

Sometimes you will make changes to your standard configuration of PEP when you are creating a picture. For example, you may install a different collection of fonts, or a different pattern file, or you may change the printer rotation to print sideways (landscape) rather than right side up (portrait). You will probably want to remember these changes in case you need to edit or print that picture again. The easiest way to do this is to create a separate object in that file, giving it the name NOTES. You can then type into that object, as text labels, all the relevant PEP settings, and any other information that you think you might need later when editing or printing the pictures in that file.