Deep Sky v1.3 CONTENTS License and Warranty 1 Disclaimer and Agreement 2 Registration 3 Introduction 5 Program Requirements 6 Using Deep Sky 7 Command Functions Overview 7 SKY 7 PLOT 7 SCOPES 7 SEARCH 7 Command Functions Details 8 SKY 8 PLOT 8 SCOPES 8 SEARCH 9 Using the Main Screen 10 Keyboard Functions 10 Mouse Functions 10 Appendix A NGC Catalogue Descriptions 13 Appendix B Constellation Abbreviations 15 Appendix C Deep Sky Catalogue Sources 16 LICENSE DETAILS LIMITED WARRANTY Deep Sky is a shareware product, it is not free. Shareware distribution gives users a chance to try software before buying it. If you try a Shareware program and continue using it, you are expected to register. With your registration of Deep Sky , you will receive the latest version of the software and documentation. Copyright laws apply to both Shareware and commercial software, the author retains all rights, with a few specific exceptions as stated below. You are specifically granted the right to copy and distribute the Deep Sky package, complete and unmodified, as described in the Disclaimer-Agreement section below. Shareware is a distribution method, not a type of software. The Shareware system makes fitting your needs easier, because you can try it before you buy it. And because the overhead is low, prices are low. Shareware has the ultimate money-back guarantee -- if you don't use the product, you don't pay for it. -2- DISCLAIMER - AGREEMENT Users of Deep Sky must accept this disclaimer of warranty: "Deep Sky is supplied as is. The author disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, including, without limitation, the warranties of merchantability and of fitness for any purpose. The author assumes no liability for damages, direct or consequential, which may result from the use of Deep Sky." Deep Sky is a "shareware program" and is provided at no charge to the user for evaluation. Feel free to share it with your friends, but please do not give it away altered or as part of another system. The essence of "user-supported" software is to provide personal computer users with quality software without high prices, and yet to provide incentive for programmers to continue to develop new products. If you find this program useful and find that you are using Deep Sky and continue to use Deep Sky after a reasonable trial period, you must make a registration payment of $59.95 to the author (please use the registration form below). The $59.95 registration fee will license one copy for use on any one computer at any one time. You must treat this software just like a book. An example is that this software may be used by any number of people and may be freely moved from one computer location to another, so long as there is no possibility of it being used at one location while it's being used at another. It is just like a book which cannot be read by two different people at the same time. Commercial users of Deep Sky must register and pay for their copies of Deep Sky within 30 days of first use or their license is withdrawn. Site-License arrangements may be made by contacting the author. Anyone distributing Deep Sky for any kind of remuneration must first contact the author at the address below for authorization. The author should be advised so that the distributor can be kept up-to-date with the latest version of Deep Sky. Disk Vendors, Shareware Distributors and BBS(s) may charge a nominal fee for distribution of the program. The recipient of Deep Sky must be informed, in advance, that the fee paid to acquire Deep Sky does not relieve the recipient from paying the Registration Fee for Deep Sky if the recipient uses Deep Sky. You are encouraged to pass a copy of Deep Sky along to your friends for evaluation. Please encourage them to register their copy if they find that they can use it. All registered users will receive a copy of the latest version of Deep Sky. -3- REGISTRATION With your registration for Deep Sky, you will receive the latest copy of the software and bound documentation, and will be notified of all later releases of Deep Sky. Later versions of Deep Sky will be made available to registered users for a nominal fee to cover costs. As Deep Sky is ported to other Operating Environments and CPU platforms, registered users will be given a direct registration price of $15 for each additional version of Deep Sky for the new platforms and new environments. Discounts for other software product lines from the author and other products will also be made available to registered users of Deep Sky. You can register Deep Sky by: * CHECK or MONEY ORDER in Canadian funds by mailing the check/money order along with the order form on the next page directly to the address below; To contact me for information about dealer pricing, volume discounts, site licensing, the status of shipment of the product, the latest version number, technical information or problems, or to discuss returns, please contact Rick Burke directly at: Rick Burke 1235 52nd Street Delta, B.C. Canada V4M 2Z1 or by e-mail burke@triumf.ca or by phone 604-943-0899 -4- Please use this form to register Deep Sky by mail: REGISTRATION FORM Deep Sky NAME: ______________________________________________ STREET:______________________________________________ CITY: ______________________________________________ STATE/PROVINCE: ______________ZIP/POSTAL CODE________________ TELEPHONE: _________________________ Number of Copies....... $49.95 ______ B.C. Residents add 7% sales tax.. ($2.10) ______ US/Canada Residents - Shipping and Handling... $5.00 ______ Other - Shipping and Handling ......... $8.00 ______ Total in Canadian Funds .. $________________ Circle Disk Size: 3 1/2" 5 1/4" Make checks payable to: Rick Burke Mail to: Rick Burke 1235 52nd Street Delta, B.C. Canada V4M 2Z1 -5- INTRODUCTION One of the more difficult tasks amateur astronomers face is the mental gymnastics required to rotate, invert and reverse the printed star charts to match the view seen through their telescopes. It can make locating galaxies, nebulae and clusters almost impossible. Deep Sky.0 was designed to address this problem. With Deep Sky an observer can match the charts to the view seen through his or her telescope instead of the other way around. Both finder and main scope fields can be configured to match the amateur's own telescope and eyepiece combinations. In addition a sophisticated search engine has been incorporated into the program. Deep sky objects can be found and displayed even when the observer is unsure of their location. Deep Sky.0 contains a database of 279,000 stars and 16,000 deep sky objects. Extensive information is available for all plotted objects. Stars can be plotted to magnitude 10. All stars are plotted in color. The size of each plotted star corresponds to its visual magnitude. Deep sky objects are plotted as symbols corresponding to the type (ie. galaxies, bright nebulae, dark nebulae, planetaries etc.). Deep sky objects are plotted in the Finder and Main scope fields. If an object is plotted via the search engine it is also plotted in the large field view. -6- HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS The following hardware and software is supported by this version of Deep Sky: Standard VGA display (640 x 480 pixels): 8-bit, 16 color, palette based, or CPU: 80286 or above. Memory: As much as possible. Anything from 640 kilobytes to infinity is recommended. It is also important to have at approximately 500K of free DOS memory before starting Deep Sky. Operating System: DOS 3.x, 4.x, 5.x, 6.x Deep Sky will run as a DOS program under Windows 3.1, Windows for Workgroups 3.11, Windows 95, Windows NT and OS/2 Hard Disk Space: Deep Sky requires approximately 15 Megabytes of disk space. You will require approximately 20 - 25 Megabytes of disk space to install the program. In order to use this program effectively you should have a good grasp of the coordinate systems used by astronomers (Right Ascension and Declination) and/or familiarity with the constellations of the night sky. Installing Deep Sky To install Deep Sky create a directory (called Deepsky or something similar). Copy the three files, deepsky1.zip, deepsky2.zip and deepsky3.zip to this directory. Using pkunzip (ver 2.04g) unzip the three files. Once they are unzipped they can be deleted. Deep Sky is now installed and can be run. The executable file is deepsky.exe and can be run by typing deepsky (return). Deep Sky will not alter your autoexec.bat or config.sys files in any way during installation. -7- Using Deep Sky.0 When you run Deep Sky there will be a title window presented. Press a key to continue and there will be a short pause while variables and program parameters are initialized. After this the program will start. The program starts with a plot of Orion. This is the main screen. The large square area on the upper left is the wide angle sky view. This area represents an area approximately 30 degrees by 30 degrees of the night sky. On the right are the finder and main scope fields of view (FOV). Each FOV has a small text window beside it which displays essential information such as the size of the field, whether the view is inverted (i), reversed (r), or both (ir) and the magnitude limit for stars plotted. As well there is a magnitude scale showing the size of the plotted star and the magnitude this corresponds to. Using the + and - keys you can adjust the magnitude scale to give a clearer distinction between stars of higher or lower magnitude in the Finder and Main scope fields. Below the wide angle sky view a large text box displays information on selected stars or deep sky objects. To the right of this text box is the command menu. These four commands control the functions of Deep Sky. In the bottom right corner the 'EXIT' button will end the program. Command Functions Overview The four main commands are SKY, PLOT, SEARCH and SCOPES. SKY will bring up a northern and southern hemisphere view of the entire sky. If the mouse is moved to any area of the maps and the left mouse button clicked Deep Sky will determine the Right Ascension (R.A.) and Declination (Dec.) and plot this area on the main screen. PLOT pops up a small window where you can manually enter coordinates if you wish. The coordinates you enter will be for approximately half way down the right edge of the wide angle view. SCOPES allows you to change the finder and main scope parameters and enable deep sky object (DSO) magnitude limits as well as save and restore finder and main scope parameters. SEARCH lets you use a powerful search engine to find and display DSO's and stars as well as browse through DSO's using the custom search option to select which DSO's you would like to see. -8- Command Function Details All the options on the command menus can be selected by entering the number of the option with the keyboard or selecting the option with a left button click of the mouse. SKY When you select the SKY command the screen is redrawn as a hemispheric map of the entire sky. Each hemisphere is divided by lines every 2 hours of R.A. and every 30 degrees of Dec.. Lines of R.A. are labelled. When moving the mouse around the map the R.A. and Dec. are constantly displayed. These coordinates are calculated to correctly display the section of sky where the mouse pointer is currently located. When the left mouse button is clicked this section will be displayed on the main screen. The main screen is plotted using spherical projection or polar projection. Above (+/-) 75 degrees Dec. the declination coordinates displayed on the hemispheric maps are in tenths of a degree and below (+/-) 75 degrees in 5 degree increments. When above (+/-) 75 degrees the main screen is plotted using polar projection for a more accurate representation of the sky. Clicking on EXIT takes you back to the main screen without selecting a new area to plot. Orion will be displayed. PLOT Selecting PLOT pops up a small text window. Enter the desired R.A. and Dec. coordinates here. Once the Dec. coordinates are entered the main screen will plot this portion of the sky. Coordinates should be entered in decimal hours and degrees (ie. 23h30" R.A. would be entered as 23.5 or 12ø30" Dec. as 12.5). SCOPES When SCOPES is selected a larger text window pops up. The first question asked is "Enable deep sky magnitude limit". Answering yes (y) to this question will filter deep sky objects. All deep sky objects with a magnitude dimmer than the magnitude limit set for the main scope FOV will not be displayed in either the main scope or finder scope fields. After enabling (or disabling) the deep sky magnitude limit the next question asks if you wish to load a file. Pressing enter will close the window. Selecting REPLOT will then implement the change you made to the deep sky magnitude limit. -9- If you have previously saved a scope configuration you can load it here by answering yes (y) and entering the file name. Save file names are entered without an extension. Deep Sky adds the extension for you. Once you load a save file Deep Sky will display it for you to check and make sure it is correct. If you do not know the name of the file enter any name. On the third try Deep Sky will ask you if you wish to see a listing of the save files present. You can then select the appropriate file. If you do not load a save file Deep Sky will prompt you for the required information. The previous values are also shown. If these are satisfactory simply press return to retain these values. If you wish to change the orientation of the scope field to blank, (not rotated or inverted) enter a period (.) to blank this field. When you are finished Deep Sky will ask if you wish to save the configuration as a file. Enter a file name (without extension) and the configuration will be saved to disk. If you name the file 'scopes' then this will become the default configuration that Deep Sky loads when run. Using save files to hold different configurations is handy if you have several telescopes, or eyepieces, or combinations thereof. You can quickly load the appropriate configuration for the combination you are currently using (or planning to use). Note that whenever you make a change to the scope configuration you must select REPLOT to implement the changes immediately. Otherewise Deep Sky will use the changes when it plots the next Finder/Main Scope FOV's. SEARCH When SEARCH is selected a menu will pop up with various search options to choose from. These are: 1. Search for object 2. Search for star 3. Customize search 4. Exit When Search for object is selected a small dialogue box will pop up. Enter the object's catalogue number. There are many different catalogues and most DSO's appear in several of them. The main catalogues are Messier and NGC. Others are listed in appendix C. If you were looking for M31 (Andromeda Galaxy) you could enter M31 or NGC 224. Searches are not case sensitive. Spaces between the catalogue (ie. NGC) and number (224) are optional. -10- Once the object is found a text window containing the available information will be displayed and, once again, you will be asked if you wish to plot a finder chart. When Search for star is selected another small dialogue box will pop up. Here you can enter a star's common name, designation (ie. Alpha Orionis) or Henry Draper or SAO catalogue number. If the star is found a larger text box will pop up with the available information on that star. You are also given the option to plot a finder chart. Searches are conducted in the following order; common name, designation, catalogue number. When a finder chart is plotted the main screen is replotted with the star (or object) centered in the wide sky field, Finder scope field, and Main scope fields. The cursor will point to the object selected. Information available for the star or object is also displayed. Selecting Customize Search allows you to set search criteria for DSO's. Using this option you can select the type of object , the constellation, a magnitude range for objects or a range of coordinates. These search criteria can also be combined. Thus, for example, you could search for all galaxies in Auriga between magnitudes 5 and 9. As each search criterium is selected an asterisk will appear beside that menu selection. If a mistake is made simply enter the number or click on it to deselect that choice. Selecting Start Search will then begin the search. If no objects fit the search criteria you will be returned to the main search menu. After the search is started each object that fits the search criteria will be displayed in sequence. You can then plot a finder chart or go on to the next object. Customize Search lets you plan your night's observing to easily fit viewing conditions and your telescope characteristics. -11- USING THE MAIN SCREEN Keyboard Functions Most functions on the main screen are mouse driven, with a few exceptions. The keys used when the main screen is displayed are ESC,F1,F2,F8,?,+,- and P. Pressing ESC will abort processing and return you to the last screen displayed. This can be useful if the program has trouble determing display coordinates or you make a mistake and wish to abort the last operation. Please note that some calculations are quite complex and will take some time. The graphics.com screen dump program included with DOS 5 and up or Windows screen capture can be used to generate hard copies of your finder charts. F2 toggles the coordinate grid on and off. Note that R.A. and Dec. coordinates are printed along the axes of the wide field view. When in the polar regions only the R.A. is printed on the axes. Dec. circles are at 10 degree intervals starting at the pole. F8 toggles a red circle on and off in the finder FOV. This circle corresponds to the size of the main FOV. ? will bring up context sensitive help. Depending on where the mouse cursor is when ? is pressed a text window will pop up with a description of that area of the screen. + and - can be used to change the magnitude scale shown in the Main and Finder scope FOVs. There is a scale on the far right side of the screen showing the size of the stars and the corresponding magnitude range. Press + or - to change this magnitude range. P starts pan mode. Sometimes when you have selected a field from the wide field screen to view in the scope fields you may find that an interesting object has been plotted in the finder FOV but not in the main FOV. Press P and you will enter pan mode. The words "Pan Mode" will appear above the command menu. Now use the mouse to click on the desired object in the finder FOV and both main and finder FOV's will be recentered on that object. -12- Mouse Functions Along the bottom of the screen is a text window containing abbreviations of all the categories of objects displayed. Occasionally you will display a field with many DSO's displayed. If you are looking for a planetary nebula and hundreds of galaxies are plotted the FOV's can become very cluttered. Use the mouse to click on the interfering objects in this text window. The object's abbreviation in this window will dim to show that it is deselected. Now click REPLOT and the FOV's will be replotted with the interfering objects filtered out. To turn them back on simply click on them and select REPLOT to show them again. Use the mouse to identify stars and DSO's in the wide field and telescope views. In the wide field view move the mouse cursor to a star and click the left mouse button. This will bring up all the information available for that star. In this view stars are plotted to magnitude 6.5 and the information on each is derived from the Yale Bright Star Catalogue. If a star has a proper name it is displayed along with the star's Greek designation (ie. Alpha Centauri (Rigil Kentaurus)). If there is no proper name or Greek designation the star's Henry Draper catalogue number is shown. The next line is the stars rank in the constellation. Alpha Centauri is the brightest star in the constellation. Its rank is then shown as 01 Centauri. The following lines give the star's coordinates in R.A. and Dec as well as magnitude, distance and spectral type. The last line shows the magnitude difference and separation of components (in seconds of arc) in a binary system. When any of this information is not available the appropriate line is not displayed. Moving the mouse cursor to any point in the wide screen view and clicking the right mouse button will plot that area of sky in the telescope FOV's. When the right mouse button is pressed a small text window pops up just below the Main Scope FOV showing the coordinates of the mouse cursor when the button was pushed. These coordinates are centered in the telescope FOV's. In the telescope FOV windows moving the mouse cursor to a DSO and clicking the left mouse button will bring up the available information on that DSO. The information is organized as follows. The first line gives the object name. This followed by a line (AKA) giving other appropriate names for the object (ie. NGC 224 is AKA M31). The next line gives the object type. This displays what type of object you have selected (ie. Galaxy, Planetary Nebula etc.. The next line is for object class. This is most frequently used when the object is a galaxy. The object class then shows the Hubble galaxy class. This is followed by lines showing R.A., Dec., magnitude, and size. Finally, the last two lines show what constellation the object is in and its NGC catalogue description (see appendix 1). -13- Moving the mouse cursor to a star and clicking the right mouse button will display the information available for that star. It is organized the same as the stars in the wide field view, however there are 259000 stars available for display in these windows. In order to save disk space only a small amount of information is available for most stars. This includes SAO number, basic spectral type, magnitude, and coordinates. -14- Appendices Appendix A NGC catalogue description abbreviations !!!,a magnificent or otherwise interesting object !!,very remarkable !,remarkable ***,triple star **,double star *,a star: *10; a star of 10th magnitude ab,about alm,almost am,among app,appended att,attached B,bright b,brighter bet,between bf,brightest towards the following side biN,binuclear bn,brightest towards the north side bp,brightest towards the preceding side bs,brightest towards the south side c,considerably C,compressed C.G.H.,Cape of Good Hope ch,chevelure Cl,cluster cont,in contact com,cometic co,coarse or coarsely d,diameter D,double def,defined diffic,difficult dif,diffused dist,distance or distant ee,most extremely e,extremely or excessively E,extended er,easily resolvable exc,eccentric f,following F,faint gr,group g,gradually inv,involved or involving iF,irregular figure i,irregular l,little or long L,large mm,mixed magnitudes mn,milky nebulosity m,much M,middle or in the middle of nr,near np,north preceding nf,north following neb,nebula n,north N,Nucleus or to a Nucleus ps,pretty suddenly pg,pretty gradually pm,pretty much p,preceding p,pretty (before F;B;L;S) P,poor quad,quadrilateral quar,quartile rrr,well resolved or clearly consisting of stars rr,partially resolved (some stars seen) r,resolvable (mottled but not resolved) RR,exactly round Ri,rich R,round sc,scattered sev,several sf,south following sh,shaped sm,smaller sp,south preceding st 9,stars from the 9th magnitude downwards st,stars st 9...13,stars from the 9th to 13th magnitude stell,stellar susp,suspected s,south s,suddenly S,small trap,trapezium triN,trinuclear var,variable vv,very very v,very -16- Appendix B Constellation abbreviations And Andromeda Leo Leo Ant Antlia Lep Lepus Aps Apus Lib Libra Aql Aquila LMi Leo Minor Aqr Aquarius Lup Lupus Ara Ara Lyn Lynx Ari Aries Lyr Lyra Aur Auriga Men Mensa Boo Bootes Mic Microscopium Cae Caelum Mon Monoceros Cam Camelopardalis Mus Musca Cap Capricornus Nor Norma Car Carina Oct Octans Cas Cassiopeia Oph Ophiuchus Cen Centaurus Ori Orion Cep Cepheus Pav Pavo Cet Cetus Peg Pegasus Cir Circinus Phe Phoenix CMa Canis Major Pic Pictor CMi Canis Minor PsA Piscis Austrinus Cnc Cancer Psc Pisces Col Columba Pup Puppis Com Coma Berenices Pyx Pyxis CrA Corona Australis Ret Reticulum CrB Corona Borealis Scl Sculptor Crt Crater Sco Scorpius Cha Chamaeleon Per Perseus Cru Crux Sct Scutum Crv Corvus SerCd Serpens Cauda CVn Canes Venatici SerCp Serpens Caput Cyg Cygnus Sex Sextans Del Delphinus Sge Sagitta Dor Dorado Sgr Sagittarius Dra Draco Tau Taurus Equ Equuleus Tel Telescopium Eri Eridanus TrA Triangulum Australe For Fornax Tri Triangulum Gem Gemini Tuc Tucana Gru Grus UMa Ursa Major Her Hercules UMi Ursa Minor Hor Horologium Vel Vela Hya Hydra Vir Virgo Hyi Hydrus Vol Volans Ind Indus Vul Vulpecula Lac Lacerta -17- Appendix C Deep Sky Catalogue Sources Abell - (planetary nebula) AGC - Abell Galaxy Cluster (galaxy clusters) Allen - (planetary nebula) AM - Arp-Madore (globular clusters) Ames - (galaxies) Anon - Anonymous (planetary nebula) Antalova - (open clusters) Aprm - Apriamasvili (planetary nebula) Baade - (planetary nebula) Bark - Barkhatova (open clusters) Basel - (open clusters) Berk - Berkeley (open clusters) Be - Bernes (dark nebula) Biur - Biurakan (open clusters) Blanco - (open clusters, planetary nebula) Bochum - (open clusters) Bohm/Vitense - (planetary nebula) Cannon - (planetary nebula) Cannon/Mayall - (planetary nebula) Ced - Cederblad (bright nebula) ChRo - Chincarini & Rood (galaxies) Cr - Collinder (open clusters) Czernik - (open clusters) DHW - Dengle/Hart/Weinberg (planetary nebula) DDO - David Dunlop Observatory (galaxies) Do - Dolidze (open clusters) DoDz - Dolidze/Dzimselejsvili (open clusters) Dun - Dunlop (globular clusters) ESO - European Southern Observatory (Dwarf galaxies, globulars) Fein - Feinstein (open clusters) Fleming - (planetary nebula) Frolov - (open clusters) GCL - Alter et al. (globular clusters) Grindlay - (globular clusters) Gum - (bright nebula) H - William Herschel (globular clusters) Haffner - (open clusters) Haro - (planetary nebula) Hart/Tritton - (planetary nebula) Harvard - (open clusters) Helw - Gregory C.C.L., Helwan Observatory. (galaxies) Henize - (planetary nebula) HN - Harvard Annals (galaxies) Hoffleit - (planetary nebula) Hogg - (open clusters) Holm - Holmberg E. (double & multiple galaxies) HP - Haute Provence (globular clusters) Hubble - (planetary nebula) Humason - (planetary nebula) IC - 1st and 2nd Index Catalogs to the NGC. (All types of objects except dark nebula) Isk - Iskudarian (open clusters) J - Jonckheere (planetary nebula) Johnson - (planetary nebula) Jones - (planetary nebula) Kara.72 - Karachentsev, I.D. 1972. (Isolated galaxy pairs) Kara.73 - Karachentsev, I.D. 1973. (Dwarf galaxies) Kara.73B - Karachentsev, I.D. 1973 (Isolated galaxies) Keel - Keeler, J.E. (galaxies) King - (open clusters) KN - Wolf, M.; Konigstuhl Nebel-Liste (galaxies) Kohoutek - (planetary nebula) Kra - Krasnogorskaja (planetary nebula) Lac - Lacaille (globular clusters) LDN - Lynds (dark nebula) Liller - (globular clusters) Loden - (open clusters) Longmore - (planetary nebula) Lynga - (open clusters) M - Messier (all types of objects except dark nebula) MCG - Morphological Catalog of Galaxies (galaxies) Mel - Melotte (open clusters) Menzel - (planetary nebula) Merrill - (planetary nebula) Mrk - Markarian (open clusters,galaxies) M1 - Minkowski (bright nebula, planetary nebula) M2 - Minkowski (planetary nebula) M3 - Minkowski (planetary nebula) M4 - Minkowski (planetary nebula) Nassau - (planetary nebula) NGC - New General Catalog of Nebulae & Clusters of Stars. (All types of objects except dark nebula) OCL - Alter et. al. (open clusters) Pal - Palomar (globular clusters) PB - Peimbert/Batiz (planetary nebula) PC - Peimbert/Costerro (planetary nebula) Pease - (planetary nebula) Pismis - (open clusters) PK - Perek & Kohoutek (planetary nebula) RCW - Rodgers, Campbell, & Whiteoak (bright nebula) Reiz - (Galaxies) Roslund - (open clusters) Ru - Ruprecht (open clusters) Sa - Sandqvist (dark nebula) SA - Shapley H. & Ames A. (galaxies) SaLi - Sandqvist/Lindroos (dark nebula) Sanduleak - (planetary nebula) SB - Slettebak & Brundage (galaxies with emission lines) SER - Sersic, J. L. (peculiar galaxies) Shane - (planetary nebula) Shapley - (planetary nebula) Sher - (open clusters) Sh1 - Sharpless (planetary nebula) Sh2 - Sharpless (bright nebula) SL - Sandqvist & Lindroos (dark nebula) Steph - Stephenson (open clusters) Stock - (open clusters) SSt - Swings/Struve (planetary nebula) Ter - Terzan (globular clusters) Tombaugh - (open clusters) Ton - Tonantzintla (globular clusters) Tr - Trumpler (open clusters) UA - Selected Non-UGC Galaxies (galaxies) UGC - Uppsala General Catalog (galaxies) UKS - United Kingdom Schmidt (globular clusters) Upgren - (open clusters) Vandervort - (planetary nebula) vdB - van den Bergh (open clusters, bright nebula) vdBH - van den Bergh & Herbst (bright nebula) vdB-Ha - van den Bergh-Hagen (open clusters) Velghe - (planetary nebula) VV - Voronstov/Velyaminov (planetary nebula) Vyssotsky - (planetary nebula) Waterloo - (open clusters) Westr - Westerlund (open clusters) WK - Wolf & Kaiser (galaxies) ZWG - Zwicky Galaxy (galaxies) -20- I hope you enjoy Deep Sky and find it useful. Any suggestions, criticisms or bug reports should be directed to the author. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION Contact: Rick Burke 4234 Cheverage Place Victoria, B.C. V8N 4Z5 e-mail: burke@octonet.com web site: www.octonet.com/~burke/deepsky/deepsky.htm The latest versions of Deep Sky can be found on my web site